to rights the geological portion of the cabinet is at length completed; and that the specimens, to the number of about 340, have been divided into 7 grand orders, and these again into 40 compartments, etc. . . . the whole has been ticketed." Two years later, Mary seems to have suggested a partnership as regarded shells; but he cautiously remarks, "If we unite our shells we cannot unite our tastes: this is the principal objection. You stick to Lamarck; I like Sowerby. You like the poor little things to quarrel about in pans; I like to prevent all broils by a little gum. You do not like exchanges; I do." She liked to give to her friends, and was also willing to receive; but her spirit rebelled against barter! His taste for shells was also cultivated by his kind friends, Mr. and Mrs. Wright, then of Dalston, who made him frequent presents of specimens and money for his collection. Mrs. Wright also sent him beautiful pen-and-ink drawings of remarkable shells, which he learnt to copy. She preserved a number of his letters at this time, which, with a half-playful recognition of his good and innocent. nature, she labelled "San Philippo." They abound in references to shells and two of them contain long and careful lists of names, with their derivations. He told her that, in the Easter holidays (1833), he went down for three or four hours every day to help Mr. Stutchbury at the Institution, washing the chitons, and then, after Mr. Stutchbury had sorted them into species, putting them on the tablets. Mr. Stutchbury gave his young friend a great deal of interesting information, and let him look at the beautiful books belonging to the Institution.

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His two chief tastes through life were for shells and music. To devotional music, especially, he was extremely sensitive, and he afterwards played and sung with great feeling and expres

His sister Susan taught him to play on the piano, and as he could not stretch his fingers sufficiently, she recommended him to open them out when he had nothing else to do. His class-fellows were surprised to find his fingers continually at work, under his desk, when he was not using the pen, till they learnt what he was doing with so much perseverance! Before 1831, the only instrument in the "singing gallery" of

Lewin's Mead Meeting was a violoncello (played by the venerable Mr. Percival) which was said to have belonged to Handel. In that year, however, a new hymn-book was introduced, and an organ, not without serious misgivings and the old Presbyterian habit of sitting during the hymns was discontinued. The organ was played gratuitously by the Rev. S. C. Fripp, B.A. (father of the eminent artists, George and Alfred Fripp), formerly a clergyman of the Church of England. His exquisite taste soon reconciled those who had dreaded the innovation. Mr. Fripp had planned the organ, which was built by Smith, of Bristol. Philip was much interested in watching its progress; it was one of his amusements to draw designs for organs, and by degrees he found the means of trying most of the organs in Bristol.

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His chief delight was the service at the Cathedral: it was not far from his home, from which there was a fine view, through the trees, of its massive and beautiful tower. In sending his subscription to the restoration fund a few years ago, he wrote: “I feel that the Cathedral played a very important part in my education, and therefore it probably will in that of others." He hoped that a Montreal clergyman, whom he had introduced to his sister Mary, would go "to the Cathedral service as often as possible, especially to the Litany." Mr. Corfe (who died in 1876) was then the organist, and the Bristol choir had a high reputation: it had some musical traditions of rare beauty. On those week-days on which the Athanasian Creed is to be said or sung, it was a great treat to hear it chanted. The chant is a very simple one (Philip afterwards introduced it in his Collection of chants and hymn tunes, "Athanasian"), but the organ accompaniment was remarkably fine and varied. Perhaps a keen sense of the absurdity of the cursing creed added a zest to our pleasure in the performance. When we were at York, we found that it was not sung, but read, at the Minster, and its fascination was gone.

* Ten years later, after Philip was familiar with York Minster, he wrote: "Every organist I hear makes me think more highly of Mr. Fripp's playing."

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'The chief influences in the formation of his character were, of course, in his home. Of his father, Dr. Martineau wrote: "I have never seen in any human being the idea of duty, the feeling of right, held in such visible reverence. . . There was no such thing as a dead particle in his faith; it was instinct with life in every fibre. . . . Of the discipline enjoined upon his house-its early rising, its neatness, its courtesy, its golden estimate of moments--he was himself the model." The mother and sisters were moved by the same spirit: none of them lived to themselves. Some boys might have been discouraged by so high a standard; but Philip was dutiful and eager to do well from a child.

His father was eminently a public-spirited man, and entered with great fervour into those movements which made the period from 1828 to 1833 the five most fruitful years in the history of British freedom. The repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, followed by Catholic Emancipation, were the first instalments of religious equality; then came the Reform Act and West Indian Emancipation. The enthusiasm of the country has never again mounted so high as at the Reform era. At Bristol, the Tory member who had been long accustomed to head the poll did not even stand as a candidate. All reforms seemed possible and hopeful, if this was carried. Philip lived to see that moral reforms were of more importance than political ones; and the scenes he witnessed at the Bristol riots, October 29 to 31, 1831, were never effaced from his memory. In his study there was a picture of Bristol by night, when lighted up with the flames of the gaols, the Custom-house, the Mansion-house, the Bishop's Palace, and nearly fifty dwelling-houses in Queen's Square and the neighbourhood. These riots commenced in indignation with the Recorder, Sir C. Wetherell, for his vehement opposition to Reform; but when it proved that the magistrates could not maintain order, the way was open for a reckless mob. Dr. Carpenter, who had friends in the Square, more than once exposed his life there. His family remained in their home; most of them had gone to rest, and had little idea of the conflagration on that terrible Sunday night, which

was too apparent to the watchers at the windows. But when the riot was crushed, those who went to the Square could see not only the smoking ruins, but evidences that buried in them were the wretched victims of drink, who had remained too long in the houses they had set on fire. Philip became one of the most earnest preachers of peace, and he often referred to these horrors, as they gave him a vivid conception of what happens in war. The riots were followed by courts-martial on officers; a special commission for the trial of prisoners, of whom four were hanged; and the trial of the Mayor (at Westminster), at which Dr. Carpenter gave important testimony. Good came out of evil. The incompetency of a self-elected corporation was so signally proved that these riots prepared the way for the Municipal Corporation Act of 1834. (Philip copied his father's correspondence with Earl Grey, Lord Holland, and others. His obliging disposition, and his readiness to learn shorthand, made him a useful little secretary.) possible, his hatred of slavery was in after life a more striking feature of his character than his abhorrence of war; and no doubt it was stimulated by his father's ardent love of freedom, which was not abated by the circumstance that some of the most influential and esteemed members of his congregation were large West Indian proprietors.

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Philip fondly remembered that his father called him "my little Mercury." One of his sisters described him as "the matter-of-fact gentleman;" and his accuracy, as well as his good nature, was often called out in the family service. Dr. Carpenter published a good deal, and Philip in after days wrote: "I have been connected with printing and editing from my boyhood." The workshop, with its carpenter's tools, was not used when the boys' school had ended; but we had a book-binder's press, etc., and practised the rudiments of that trade! Philip's help was frequently sought by his sisters on behalf of the Sunday school. Anna was the librarian, and took good care to keep the soiled books in the best possible order, patching, covering, and mending them; this used to be the employment of Saturday evening, when her home-school work was over.

In the year 1833 his uncle Philip died, who a few years before had removed from Birmingham, where he was a manufacturing optician, to 24, Regent Street, London. He was a man of scientific attainments, and had done much to popularize science by his improvements in what used to be little better than a toy-the magic lantern, and by his exhibition of the solar microscope. He was unmarried; and his sister Mary, who was carrying on the business, invited her young nephew, then nearly fourteen, to come and learn it. It seemed a congenial opening for him. Dr. Jerrard, in parting with him from the Bristol College, wrote of him with cordial commendation, and specified that he was "of considerable talents, especially for scientific pursuits;" but, in 1847, Philip wrote to Brooke Herford, who was thinking of exchanging trade for the ministry :

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"My father never said a word to Russell or me urging us to the ministry and as Russell from his boyhood decided for it, I supposed there could not be two in one family, and gave up all idea of it:* and my constructiveness, etc., were well pleased with the optician's business; so after being at college six months, I was taken away, to my great inward regret, and sent to London. There I stayed behind the counter, properly aproned, etc., for six months, when something led to my brother's finding out my real wishes, who stated them to my father, and he at once consented, sent me back to college, and here I am."

Before he returned home, he was very busy preparing a stock of slides-enough for a gross of microscopes! His occupation was, no doubt, of practical benefit to him, and his experience of life was enlarged. While at Regent Street he became acquainted with Dr. J. E. Gray, of the British Museum,

*Like other ministers' children, he was fond of playing at preaching when a little child. His mother, with the little ones around her, writes (October, 1823, when he was nearly four): "Philly is now preaching, and M. is his audience; but I perceive he is a sad heretic already, for, so far from preaching the doctrine of original sin, he says, 'Mankind is very good; so nobody would speak to Cain: and he was obliged to go away and live by himself.""