interests of Canada. To spend and be spent for the good of the community was the well-fulfilled ambition of his life. To a laborious calling and equally laborious scientific pursuits, he added constant efforts in the promotion of temperance and sanitary reform. So importunate was he in the presence of so much inertia and gainsaying, that he learned to keep himself more and more in the back-ground, lest the causes he loved should suffer by being known as Dr. Carpenter's hobbies; but when all others grew indifferent, he never for a moment relaxed the untiring zeal with which, by every means in his power, he urged into renewed activity men who were not supposed to need such an impulse. Every quarter of an hour of his day was occupied with its share in the expenditure of intense mental energy.”

:

Subsequently, a portrait of Philip appeared in "The Witness," with a fuller biography (the writer of which had visited his work-room, and looked at many of his Warrington tracts and placards that were pasted round it, from which he gave extracts) :—“ Few men have lived such useful and influential lives as did the late Dr. Carpenter: and very, very few indeed possessed the secret of accomplishing so much as he did without themselves coming prominently before the public. His life was an entirely unselfish one. . . . He preferred to remain in comparative obscurity, believing that thereby the ends he worked for would be the more surely accomplished. . . . It was said of him that his work was that of four ordinary men. His own view was that he did what one ordinary man should do.” After recording some of his unceasing public labours, and noting that he never left his numberless minor duties at "loose ends," the writer adds: "He was always busy; but he ever had time to spend in social intercourse and his home duties. It may have been from the abnormal excitement caused by an overworked brain, or from the sharp manner of one always in earnest, that those who knew him little regarded him as harsh or impracticable; but many have lost in him, not only a dear friend, but one whose companionship was a constant lesson on the high destiny of the human soul. It is said of him that 'he

could not meet a boy in the street without giving him a loving look ;' and one now in an honourable position, who was raised and made a man by his efforts, writes of him after his death : 'Our Father has called him away, it seems to us, before his work was finished; but it never would have been finished, as long as sin and misery dwell on earth.' These words are from a letter by Mr. T. Moulding, for many years one of the leaders in the temperance cause in Chicago. He wrote

(May 26): "He was always like a father to me, though he treated me like a brother. . . . He found me a poor factory boy, beset with all sorts of temptations to evil. He took me up tenderly, and sent his spirit, which is the spirit of Christ, to me: and through his watchful, prayerful care, I was enabled to resist many of the temptations. And what he did for me, he did for scores of others; and his work will never die. In my brief visits to you at Montreal, I have met well-to-do young men who have said to me, 'God bless Dr. Carpenter, he is so devoted and so good.""

At Stand and Warrington, though he kept himself aloof from all parties in Church and State, he was a very prominent public man. At Montreal, he was no longer the leader of an influential congregation; and he never thought of using his powers as a speaker and an organizer, to attain either civic or political eminence. He was not devoid of natural ambition; but he always reproached himself if he thought that he was caring for human praise; and his conscientious humility blossomed into a rare Christian lowliness. This was increased by his devotion to his work; for he felt (as his beloved father often felt) that it might prosper most, if he were not regarded as the doer of it. "He would not even allow it to be whispered in his ear by his wife what benefits he had wrought." While self-love was his dread and abhorrence, he had always been in the habit of speaking with a downrightness, which some might regard as self-confident and dogmatic, as the champion of humanity, or in the intensity of his religious convictions. He had an "irrepressible urgency." When his "eyes looked right on," he was not always patient with those

who wanted to "walk circumspectly:" still less with those who seemed to seek only selfish ends. In his earlier ministry, his vehemence was relieved by such an attractive sweetness and good humour: he did so much to entertain others, and make them happier he was so ready to laugh, and to be laughed at if others chose, that he was a general favourite, even with those whom he sometimes scorched by his ardour. But as his natural hopefulness and sprightliness declined, and the difficulties of all true reform oppressed him, his graver moods became more habitual. He could not placidly endure the apathy and folly which were constantly permitting misery and death, from which he clearly saw a way of deliverance: and no doubt those whom he found "impracticable" might find him "harsh." Yet if those whom he rebuked and withstood came into personal relations with him, they usually found him obliging and courteous.

His heart went out to his fellow-labourers. When Neal Dow came to Montreal after Philip's death, he missed his dear friend :-"I was always sure to meet him at the railway station with marks of warmest welcome on his genial face, and grip of most loving greeting from his hand that knew no guile. . . . We hardly realized how large a place he occupied in our work, and in our hearts, until he had passed out and left his place vacant. . . . I never knew one who lived so much for others as he; especially so much for the good of the great brotherhood of man." Wendell Philips wrote: "How freshly I recall the days spent with him in Albany [p. 175], and again in Boston [p. 200], years ago, when I sat so admiringly at his feet, and listened to his full knowledge, and learned so much of those plans and methods of doing good which made his life. Then the delightful hour at your house in Montreal I can never forget so full of hospitality and brotherly kindness:

*What was written of Charles Kingsley (also born in 1819) may be applied to him :—

"Pitiful to the weak: yearning after the erring :

Stern to all forms of wrong and oppression.

Yet most stern towards himself.

Who being angry, yet sinned not."

such eager interchange of news and views. Such hours lift one up, and make us strong for new duties."

When, in the summer of 1876, Philip heard that the British Government had recognized in their Education Bill the Day Industrial Schools, for which his sister had been battling so long, he wrote: "Mary may almost say with that she has succeeded in all that she has undertaken. Success is appointed to some, disappointment to others, by the same Spirit." His own success, however, was greater than it appeared when he contrasted it with his aspirations. Sanitary work is often, in more senses than one, "foundation work," and therefore hidden; but he had succeeded in waking public attention to it, and keeping it awake. The newspaper which announced his death contained an article on "City Drainage :" it referred to a discussion, that week, in the City Council, which "showed that there had been a very marked improvement in the system of drainage during late years; and that there is a very hearty appreciation of the further improvements which are contemplated, being carried out upon some well-recognized and permanent principle." The Council decided to obtain a Report with this object. Philip's labours were not confined to measures which required the concurrence of public bodies; there were many who discovered in their houses the causes of disease through his practical suggestions; multitudes learnt from him how to preserve health and even if his own days were shortened by evils he could not prevent, he was instrumental in saving thousands of lives.

As regards the Temperance Reform, he seemed at times to be spending his strength for nought; but the special effort of his last months was crowned with success. At the first Annual Meeting of the new Montreal Temperance Society (see p. 336), the chairman said, "The burden of this work fell largely on our late lamented friend and father, and the rest of us looked on ourselves often as meeting chiefly to uphold his willing but often weary hands." But they did not relax in their exertions. The anomalies in the existing laws, which he had pointed out so persistently, were recognized: the Prime Minister (Mr.

Mackenzie) expressed his pleasure in embodying what he believed to be the public opinion on Temperance: and within a year of Philip's death, May 16, the Royal Assent was given to the "Canada Temperance Act of 1878"-the Permissive Prohibitory Liquor Bill, which had been prepared by the Dominion Government, and passed both Houses without a division !

Resolutions of sympathy, recording the estimation in which he was held, were sent to his widow by the City Board of Health, philanthropic societies, the Natural History Society, etc. The Governors of McGill University resolved-“ That a tablet to the memory of Dr. Carpenter be erected, under the direction of the Principal, in the room containing the Carpenter Collection of Shells: and that the inscription thereon state the nature and amount of the benefactions to the Museum of the University." Dr. Dawson writes as follows, respecting his scientific work, more especially in connexion with the University:"It may truly be said that Dr. Carpenter's whole available time, beyond that occupied in educational work, was devoted to two objects, philanthropic effort in the direction of temperance and sanitary reform, and the study and arrangement of his collection of shells, with correspondence and other matters incidental thereto. His love of independence pre.vented him from accepting any position as a teacher of science, though tempting offers of that kind were made to him, and he seemed determined to make his science work a matter of purely voluntary effort.

"Shortly after his arrival in Canada, he proposed to place his large and valuable collection of shells in the Museum of McGill University-the conditions being that it should form a separate department, to which the collections of mollusks previously made for the College should be added, and that he should have the honorary curatorship during his life. The University further undertook to provide a fire-proof room for the Carpenter Collection, and to defray the expense of the cases and other materials for mounting and arrangement. Work-rooms and store-rooms were also assigned to Dr. Carpenter, and in these he spent a large portion of his time; more