is the index of the teacher. The children soon go away if they are not interested." The whole school was an "index to his punctuality, thoroughness, and religious feeling. The singing and the liturgical service were of no ordinary excellence. He had a fondness for boys, which they could not fully reciprocate; but "they were attracted by his good-humoured, laughing ways," and by his efforts for their happiness. They were trained to contribute to the school treats, which they valued all the more. He has described one Christmas party at which he was host: at subsequent ones, when tickets were bought, he exerted himself to make them successful; and sometimes he invited the elder scholars to tea at his house. Of one of those occasions he writes: "The size of their stomachs was very wonderful. I gave the invitation to all who wished to be good lads;' they all came-except the nicest of the lot!"

A Wednesday night meeting he devoted to the elder members of the congregation; most of the other evenings were at the service of the young-night classes, mutual improvement societies, Band of Hope meetings, etc. "Those youths who came more directly and personally under his influence well know of his earnest words of advice, encouragement, and reproof, when needed. He was easily accessible, and his study was often the place of devotion and repentance and the beginnings of a new effort. If one were to speak of conversions, there were far more conversions in his study than in the chapel.” He early saw the importance of Bands of Hope. The pledge was a simple one: "I promise to abstain from all intoxicating liquors as a beverage;" there was generally added, "and also from opium and tobacco." "We make the children take hands, and repeat the words of the pledge to me, and then end with prayers." "His Band of Hope meetings were always sources of pleasure. In winter months they were held in the school-room; but in summer they were more frequently held in the lanes, like a camp meeting, or in the Cobbs at Stockon Heath '—a somewhat wild, picturesque spot, with a small natural amphitheatre where his audience could seat themselves. His party sang as they walked along, and would

often gather in its course a larger crowd. When the halt was made, speeches, singing, and recitations were the usual proceedings of the meeting.

"His Saturday afternoons were often, in the summer, spent in long country walks, attended by any who cared for the excursion-usually big lads who were at work all the week. He would pluck a flower from the hedge-side, and teach from it the elements of botany to the circling crowd; or he would turn aside into a stone quarry, and make it his text for a lesson on geology." We have already mentioned his Sunday walks, when he would discourse on some religious theme. In his ordinary conversations with his young friends, "he would often stop to correct bad grammar or faulty pronunciation.” For some years he had a boating crew: it was very pleasant to go out with them in the "Old Teetotaller" on a fine summer evening, and hear their glees and catches.

In March, 1857, he and ten others went to the neighbourhood of Peterborough to see an eclipse of the sun, of which he sent a graphic account to the Warrington papers, especially noting the general effect of the “darkness that might be felt :' it was felt by each of us with more or less of unaccountable dread. A young man (with so little fear about him that he lately allowed the Warrington drunkards to give him a thorough thrashing sooner than pay his 'footing') felt 'as if the least thing would have knocked him down.' He characteristically ends by remarking that "the whole expense of a journey of nearly three hundred miles was less than a month's drinking and smoking to an ordinary working-man."

Shells and music were from a child his chief delight, and to each he devoted a great deal of time for the good of others. He not only taught music gratuitously to members of his congregation, but gave lessons twice a week, for some years, to the scholars of the excellent British School, afterwards known as the People's College. For their use chiefly, he printed "First Notions of Singing " (and "First Notions of Elocution") in 1856, which took him "an enormous quantity of time." He writes (December 21, 1856): "I have got the British School concert

over.

They sang far better than last year, indeed very well, both as regards time, tune, point, expression, etc., and the music was far more difficult. For a choir of seventy children to sing the entire Kyrie and Gloria of the Twelfth Mass, with all the orchestral accompaniments which they had never heard before, and the altos with no leader, in a crowded hot room, and do it correctly all through, is not what every one hears in a common school. But there was no fun this year, and the Quakers complained that it was too much like psalm-singing— no catches. I fancy I had no heart for fun-making. [His mother had died that year.] Our third concert (inauguration of our Philharmonic Society) comes off with the 'Messiah' next Tuesday. In this I have only a subordinate responsibility, with the altos, whom I have been working up at the harmonium." The next year, when reporting his Christmas Day, he says, "We had the morning service [seven a.m. !], and at it baptised one of our youths after a year's probation. I breakfasted with them, and went to Mass, to help in singing Mozart's Seventh, as an acknowledgment for their helping at our concert."

In 1857 he published two editions (one "four-part," the other "for two trebles only ") of his "Songs of Progress and Affection, etc.," viz. sixty-two melodies for the popular little song-book already mentioned (p. 108). Some of these were copied by permission from Hickson's "Singing Master" and Mainzer's Choruses. A few were his own composition. Others were adapted from popular glees :- "Here's a health to all good lasses" continued "Vainly sought in brimming glasses!"

" etc.

was sung to the tune of "Mynheer Van Dunck,"

In the

*This is not printed in his Tune-book, perhaps because of the copyright. It is related in a Warrington paper (May 13, 1879) that a glee-party had arranged to sing "Mynheer Van Dunck at a Christmas dinner of workmen, but found that they had not a copy of the glee. Knowing that Philip had it, Mr. H. (one of the party) went to ask him to lend it. After some hesitation he said that he could not consistently encourage the singing of those bacchanalian words. Mr. H. offered to sing his tem

following year, he printed the " Hampstead Chapel Psalmody," prepared by his brother, Dr. W. B. Carpenter; and he himself edited and printed “Tunes for the Christian Church and Home," for the use of congregations employing Dr. Martineau's Hymn-book and his own Selections from the Psalms, etc. He acknowledges in his preface the kindness of “authors and proprietors who have allowed him the use of most valuable tunes. ... He also wishes to express his deep veneration for the memory of the late Rev. S. C. Fripp, B.A. [see p. 7], the friend of Latrobe, under the guidance of whose exquisite taste the organ of Lewins Mead Chapel, Bristol, was wont not so much to play the tunes, as to utter forth the very hymns the congregation were singing. Whatever is good in the editing of this Collection is due to his influence.”

These twelve years of Philip's life were those perhaps in which he seemed to accomplish the most. He had earned a high reputation as a practical philanthropist and as a man of science. He had helped to save many lives, and to elevate hundreds more. Thousands owed to him the brightness of many happy hours, and he was not devoid of mirth and sportiveness. But underlying all, there was the sadness of sacrifice. The strength of his affections measured the intensity of their frequent disappointments; while his ideal of holiness rarely allowed him peace of conscience,—his was "hard doctrine,” which few could bear. He also suffered the natural penalty of an overstrain of his powers. Whilst at Stand the bracing atmosphere rendered life a delight, he never ceased to feel the depressing influence of Warrington. “The first fresh joy of a Christian life, and the unchilled warm burst of youthful hope,” had departed; but he was sadly and humbly reaching onwards towards Christian perfection.

perance words; but Philip smiled and replied that he knew that they would not be acceptable to that Christmas party, and asked to be excused from lending the glee. When Philip met Mr. H., a few weeks after, he said, “After you left me, I could not rest to think that I had in my house something that I could not lend to a friend. I went to my music and turned it over, till I found the glee. I then went to the fire and burned it."

CHAPTER V.

AMERICAN JOURNEY: 1858-1860. ÆT. 39, 40.

ALTHOUGH Philip was scarcely a year and a half in America, it was one of the most important periods of his life, and that of which we have the fullest records. Before he had been away a twelvemonth, he seemed to himself to have lived there many years. His old habits were broken up; the change of scene and society was complete. He had little to do with teaching, much with learning. He resolved to leave himself open to impressions, and await new light; and he had much enjoyment, but also very deep sorrows. He had often an intense craving for sympathy, and felt as if there was not a soul to which his could pour itself out on that vast continent: he thought that he had become almost unable to express himself, from his habits of silence. But in these times of silence he poured himself out in his letters, which are remarkably full and graphic. He wrote in the tossing ship, or the shaking train, or the noisy stationin all sorts of circumstances unfavourable to composition; but his pages scarcely contain an erasure. He wrote in pencil,* at first in long-hand: but his home readers complained that it was hard to decipher the faint writing on the thin paper; so, after a few weeks, he resolved to write to me in shorthand, which saved him a great deal of valuable time; and I copied, and sent on their round, those portions which seemed of general interest. This plan enabled him to write with entire freedomjust as he thought and felt at the time; and to record impres

* He used a "manifold," keeping a copy for his own use.