returning a salutation, must not be saluted by a man of learning as a Súdra, even so is he. : 127. Let a learned man ask a priest, when he meets him, if his devotion prospers; a warriour, if he is unhurt; a merchant, if his wealth is secure ; and one of the servile class, if he enjoys good health; using respectively the words, cusalam, anámayam, cshémam, and árógyam. 128. He, who has just performed a solemn sacrifice and ablution, must not be addressed by his name, even though he be a younger man; but he, who 'knows the law, should accost him with the vocative 'particle, or with bhavat, the pronoun of respect. 129. To the wife of another, and to any woman not related by blood, he must say, "bhavati, and ' amiable sister." 130. To his uncles paternal and maternal, to his 'wife's father, to performers of the sacrifice, and to 'spiritual teachers; he must say, "I am such an one"-rising up to salute them, even though younger 'than himself. 131. The sister of his mother, the wife of his ma'ternal uncle, his own wife's mother, and the sister of 'his father, must be saluted like the wife of his father or preceptor: they are equal to his father's or his ' preceptor's wife. 132. The wife of his brother, if she be of the same class, must be saluted every day; but his paternal ' and 6 6 and maternal kinswomen need only be greeted on CHAP. his return from a journey. 133. With the sister of his father and of his mo ther, and with his own elder sister, let him demean himself as with his mother; though his mother be more venerable than they. 134. Fellow citizens are equal for ten years; dancers and singers, for five; learned theologians, for 'less than three; but persons related by blood, for a short time: that is, a greater difference of age destroys • their equality. 135. The Student must consider a Bráhmen, though but ten years old, and a Cshatriya, though aged a hundred years, as father and son; as between those two, the young Brahmen is to be respected as the 'father. 136. Wealth, kindred, age, moral conduct, and, fifthly, divine knowledge, entitle men to respect; but 'that which is last mentioned in order, is the most respectable. 137. Whatever man of the three highest classes possesses the most of those five, both in number and degree, that man is entitled to most respect; even a Súdra, if he have entered the tenth decad of • his age 138. II. CHAP. " II. disease, or carrying a burthen; for a woman; for a priest just returned from the mansion of his preceptor; for a prince, and for a bridegroom: 139. Among all those, if they be met at one time, the priest just returned home and the prince are most to be honoured; and of those two, the priest just returned, should be treated with more respect than the prince. 140. That priest who girds his pupil with the sacri'ficial cord, and afterwards instructs him in the whole Veda, with the law of sacrifice and the sacred Upanishads, holy sages call an áchárya: 141. But, he, who for his livelihood, gives instruction in a part only of the Veda, or in grammar, and in other Védángas, is called an upadhyaya, or sub' lecturer. 142. The father, who performs the ceremonies on conception and the like, according to law, and who nourishes the child with his first rice, has the epithet of guru, or venerable. 143. He, who receives a stipend for preparing the holy fire, for conducting the páca and agnishtóma, and for performing other sacrifices, is called in this code the ritwij of his employer. 144. 6 He, who truly and faithfully fills both ears ' with the Véda, must be considered as equal to a mother; he must be revered as a father; him the pu'pil must never grieve. II. 145. A mere áchárya, or a teacher of the gáyatrì CHAP. only, surpasses ten upúdhyayas; a father, a hundred such ácháryas; and a mother, a thousand natural fa'thers. 146. 6 Of him, who gives natural birth, and him, 'who gives knowledge of the whole Vida, the giver of sacred knowledge is the more venerable father; since the second or divine birth ensures life to the twice born both in this world and hereafter eternally. 147. Let a man consider that as a mere human birth, which his parents gave him for their mutual gratification, and which he receives after lying in the womb ; 148. But that birth which his principal áchárya, who knows the whole Véda, procures for him by his divine mother the gayatrì, is a true birth: that birth is exempt from age and from death. 149. Him, who confers on a man the benefit of sacred learning, whether it be little or much, let him 'know to be here named guru, or venerable father, in consequence of that heavenly benefit. 150. A Brahmen, who is the giver of spiritual birth, the teacher of prescribed duty, is by right called the father of an old man, though himself be a child. 151. CAVI, or the learned, child of ANGIRAS, taught his paternal uncles and cousins to read the Véda, and, excelling them in divine knowledge, said to them, "little sons :" CHAP. II. 6 6 152. They, moved with resentment, asked the Gods the meaning of that expression; and the Gods, being assembled, answered them: "The child has addressed you properly; 153. For an unlearned man is in truth a child; and he who teaches him the Vida, is his father holy sages have always said child to an ignorant man, and father to a teacher of scripture." 154. Greatness is not conferred by years, not by gray hairs, not by wealth, not by powerful kindred : the divine sages have established this rule; "Whoever has read the Vedas and their Angas, he among us is great" 155. The seniority of priests is from sacred learning; of warriours from valour; of merchants from ' abundance of grain; of the servile class only from priority of birth. 156. A man is not therefore aged, because his head is gray: him, surely, the Gods considered as aged, who, though young in years, has read and understands the Véda. 157. 6 As an elephant made of wood, as an antelope 'made of leather, such is an unlearned Bráhmen: those three have nothing but names. 158. As an eunuch is unproductive with women, as cow with a cow is unprolifick, as liberality to a fool ' is fruitless, so is a Bráhmen useless, if he read not the holy texts. 159. Good |