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62. He whom ye pretend reigns in heaven, is so far from protecting the miserable sons of men, that he perpetually delights to blast the sweetest flowers in the garden of hope.

63. Some of the most sacred festivals in the Roman ritual were destined to salute the new kalends of January with vows of public and private felicity, to indulge the pious remembrance of the dead and living.

64. How is your health? How do your pulse beat?

65. In his days, Pharaoh-Necho, King of Egypt, went up against the King of Assyria, to the River Euphrates, and King Josiah went against him, and he slew him at Megiddo, when he had seen him.-Ambiguous Syntax. To whom does he refer?

66. Yet you, my Creator, detest and spurn me, thy creature, to whom thou art bound by ties only dissoluble by the annihilation of one of us.-Frankenstein.

67. A people that jeoparded their lives unto the death.

68. Although the conciliating the Liberalists and paralyzing the Royalists occupied considerable time, he was never for an instant diverted from his purpose.-W. SCOTT. This use of the participle is not destitute of authority. What form, however, is preferable?

69. It is not fit for such as us to sit with the rulers of the land. Scorr's Ivanhoe.

70. I took the steam-boat as you.

71. One of his clients, who was more merry than wisc, stole it from him one day in the midst of his pleading; but he had better have let it alone, for he lost his cause by his jest.

72.

I know a bank whereon the wild thyme blows,
Where ox-lips and the nodding violet grows.

73. James used to compare him to a cat that always fell upon her legs.

74. Perhaps, too, this preponderance of what is termed fashion is with the Whig party; an assistance of very little use now to what it was when they were in a small minority, and required certain prestiges to protect them from ridicule.—BULWER. To what it was is idiomatic, but is not so much used as formerly.

75. This effect, we may safely say, no one beforehand could have promised upon.

CHAPTER IX.

SYNTAX OF SIMPLE SENTENCES.

§ 531. A SENTENCE is the expression of a thought in words. A DECLARATIVE SENTENCE is substantially the same as a Proposition.

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES are of two kinds, Direct and In

Jirect.

A DIRECT INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE is an inverted construction, in which the verb comes before the subject, and requires for an answer a direct Affirmation or Denial; as, "Have you seen Henry?" "Yes." "Shall you go to New York?" "No." An INDIRECT INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE is always introduced by an interrogative word, as the pronoun who, the adjective which, the adverb when, and requires a specific answer; as, "Who defeated Burgoyne?" "General Gates." "In which "In the Revolutionary war." "Where did he defeat "At Stillwater."

war?" him ?"

An IMPERATIVE SENTENCE is an inverted construction, in which the subject follows the verb; as, "Speak ye."

An EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE expresses some passion; as, "What a piece of work is man!"

An OPTATIVE SENTENCE expresses a wish; as, "May you have health and long life."

THE

PREDICATIVE COMBINATION.

§ 532. A PREDICATIVE COMBINATION, as, "Washington wrote," constitutes a simple sentence in which there is a subject connected with a predicate. Whatever has already been said concerning Substantives or words standing in the place of substantives, when used in the nominative case, relates to the predicative combination. Whatever, also, has been said concerning Verbs as agreeing with these subjects in expressing the relations of Person, Time, and Mode, relates to the predicative combination. Whatever, also, has been said concerning Adjectives, Participles, and Substantives, when used as Predicates, relates to the predicative combination.

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§ 533. Any notion added to a substantive or a word atanding as a substantive, for the purpose of describing it more exactly, but not asserted of it, is said to be joined to it ATTRIBUTIVELY. Thus, "The patriotic Washington wrote," or, "Washington the patriot wrote," contains an attributive combination. Whatever has already been said concerning adjectives, pronouns, and substantives, when they limit the meaning of other substantives, relates to the attributive combination; as, "The wise king;" "the rising sun;" "that man;" "Mirabeau the orator;" "John's book;" "the man of wisdom" - the wise man; "a walk in the morning" a morning's walk. A Predicative combination can be changed into an attributive one by changing the predicate to an attributive; as, "Flowers bloom," "blooming flowers."

THE

=

OBJECTIVE

=

COMBINATION.

$534. The general idea of the OBJECTIVE COMBINATION is illustrated by an accusative case after a verb. But every notion referred to a verb or adjective, in whatever form it is expressed, is to be considered as an objective factor, and as belonging to the objective combination; as, "He loves his book," "he will come to-morrow;" "he works actively;" "generous to his friends," "desirous to learn;" "he travels with haste;" "he looks pale," "he is guilty of a murder." Much that has already been said concerning the government of substantives and words standing for substantives, whether by verbs or preposi tions, relates to the objective combination, though it does not cover the whole ground.

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§ 535. Every Sentence, however long, is composed of only three kinds of combinations, the Predicative, the Attributive, and the Objective; as, "Henry wrote." [Add an object to the predicate.] "Henry wrote a letter." [Add a notion attribu tively to both substantives.] "The anxious Henry wrote a long letter." [Add notions objectively to both adjectives.] "Henry, anxious to hear from him, wrote a very long letter."

[Add a notion objectively to the verb.] "Henry, anxious to hear from him immediately, wrote a very long letter." [Add another notion to the verb objectively, and another to the substantive attributively.] "His cousin Henry, anxious to hear from him immediately, wrote a very long letter to him."

The SIMPLE SUBJECT is either, 1. A Noun; as, "Cæsar fell;" 2. A Pronoun; as, "He fell ;" or any other part of speech used as a noun. See § 478.

The SUBJECT may be ENLARGED:

a. By an adjective; as, "The good man is happy."

b. By a noun in apposition; as, "William the Conqueror reigned."

c. By a participle; as, "William, having died, left the kingdom to his son."

d. By a noun in the possessive case; as, "A father's care protects his child."

e. By a preposition and its case; as, "The love of money is the root of all evil."

f. By any number of words which modify the noun; as, “Socrates, a man of wisdom, beloved by his friends and feared by his enemies, having been condemned by his judges, and having refused submission to them, perished in prison.”

g. The subject may be a phrase or a quotation; as, "God wills it, was Peter's watch-word."

The SIMPLE PREDICATE is, 1. A single verb; as, "Winter comes;" or, 2. A verb with a noun, or adjective, or some equivalent phrase; as, "Man is mortal;" "He fell sick;" "England is an island;" "He is of a sound mind."

The PREDICATE may be ENLARGED, 1. By completing it: a. By a noun in the objective case; as, "Brutus killed Casar."

b. By a noun in the nominative case; as, "Edward became king."

c. By a pronoun; as, "Him the Almighty power hurled headlong."

d. By an adjective; as, "He pitied the wretched."

e. By the infinitive mode; as, "He loved to muse."

f. By a preposition and its case; as, "Pyrrho despaired of truth."

g. By a double object; as, "He teaches his pupils LOGIC." See § 486. "He wept his eyes RED." See § 490.

h. By a noun, pronoun, etc., in the objective case, and a preposition, with the word depending on it; as, "The beggar asked me for ALMS."

i. By a phrase or quotation; as, "The king remained true to his word."

2. The PREDICATE can be ENLARGED by extending it:

a. By an adverb or adverbial phrase; as, "Leonidas died bravely."

b. By a preposition, and word or words depending on it; as, "He marched with a large army."

c. By a noun in the objective case; as, "He rides every day." d. By a participle used adverbially; as, "He reads walking.” e. By a combination of several of these ways; as, "Upward I looked, with shuddering awe."

f. By adjuncts of TIME; as, "He came yesterday;" "I get up at sunrise," "He wakes early;" "He suffered for many years;" "The sea ebbs and flows twice a day;" "He comes very often."

g. By adjuncts of PLACE; as, "He lives in New York;" "He sails to-morrow for America;" "He goes to Boston by railway;" "Civilization travels westward;" "Learning came from the East."

h. Adjuncts of MODE OF MANNER; as, "Birds fly quickly;" "She cheerly sings;" "Now in contiguous drops the flood comes down;" "I am exceedingly sorry;" "William Rufus was shot by an arrow;" "They consult with closed doors."

i. Adjuncts of cause and effect: "He perished from hunger;" "With perseverance all things are possible;" "The eye was made for seeing," "Colleges were founded for the encouragement of learning," "He does it at his peril,” “Cloth is made of wool."

A sentence may combine any number of the foregoing extensions, whether of the subject or of the predicate, together. See MORELL'S Analysis, p. 12.

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