would say the death: "I will not do it to the death."-SHAKSPEARE. So expressions like "the Douglas," "the Lady Anne," were in use.

Note X.-The definite article is sometimes used instead of a possessive pronoun; as, "He looked him full in the face," that is, "his face."

Note XI.-The definite article or some other definitive is generally prefixed to the antecedent to the pronouns who or which in restrictive clauses; as, "He is the man who rescued the child from the flames."

Note XII.-Articles often precede quotations from foreign languages; as, "The yvwbɩ σɛavтóv;" "a ne plus ultra."

Note XIII. As showing the value of the article in giving definiteness to the English language, the following phrase may be cited from the Latin language, which has no article. Filius regis is susceptible of four different meanings: A son of a king; a son of the king; the son of a king; the son of the king.

Note XIV. The article and the demonstrative adjective pronoun both individualize a general term to which it is prefixed. But, in addition to this, the demonstrative marks some special opposition between individuals. When we say, "The man is good," there is no special opposition between different individuals implied by the word the, though there may be by each of the other words; but when we say, "That man is good," we imply no opposition to the other words in the sentence, but only to the word that. See § 286.

Note XV.-The definite article is used to express an object of eminence, or the only one of the kind; as, "The queen prorogued Parliament in person;" "extensive knowledge is neces sary for the orator."

EXERCISES UNDER RULE IX.

RULE IX.-a.

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THE ARTICLE THE."

The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power,

And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave,

Await alike the inevitable hour,

The paths of glory lead but to the grave. C. S.

b. Beware of drunkenness: it impairs an understanding;

wastes an estate; destroys a reputation; consumes the body; and renders the man of the highest parts the common jest of the meanest clown. F. S.

c. All the men who were present voted against the proposition. C. S.

Note I.—In all cases of proscription, the universal practice is to direct juries, by analogy, to the statute of limitations, to decide against incorporeal rights which for many years have been relinquished. F. S.

Note II.-a. The red and white bonnets were much admired. Give the ambiguous equivalents.

b. Like a householder who bringeth out of his treasures things new and old. F. S.

Note III.-Thomas, the brother of the general, and the colonel of a regiment, led the attack. Give the ambiguous equivalents. Note IV-a. He is a just, wise, generous, and influential

b. The life of the former was almost a perpetual journey; and as he possessed the various talents of the scholar and the statesman, he gratified his curiosity in the discharge of his duty. -GIBBON. C. S.

Note V.-Wise men are governed by their reason, the foolish by their passions. C. S.

Note VI.-a. At the best, his gift was but a poor offering, considering his estate. C. S.

b. At most, he would have had to travel only three miles farther. C. S.

C.

But happy they, the happiest of their kind,

Whom gentle stars unite. C. S.

Note VII.-He was a Washington. He was a Cato. The Connecticut. C. S.

Note VIII.-Those things in the which I will appear unto thee. F. S.

Note IX.-Bear Worcester to the death. F. S.

Note X.-He received the blow in the breast.

Note XI. He is the orator who will address the people this evening.

Note XII.-The tout ensemble. The ultima ratio regum. C. S.

Note XIII.-Amicus imperatoris. Give the several mean

ings.

Note XIV. The man is bad; that man is bad.

Note XV.-The President will deliver his message to-morrow.

PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES ON THE ADJECTIVE.

§ 497. In these exercises the pupil is expected,

a. To mention the several adjectives in the example.

b. To state whether the example affords an instance of correct syntax or of false.

c. To repeat the rule or note which sanctions or condemns the use of each adjective. See models, §§ 489 and 549.

1. We may reason very clearly, and exceedingly strong, without knowing that there is such a thing as a syllogism.

2. By discussing what relates to each particular in their order, we shall better understand the subject.

3. Let us, however, hope the best rather than fear the worst, and believe that there was never a right thing done nor a wise one spoken in vain, although the fruit of them may not spring up in the place designated nor at the time expected.-W. S. LANDOR.

4. My father had been a leading mountaineer, and would still maintain the general superiority in skill and hardihood of the above boys (his own faction) over the below boys (so they were called), of which party his contemporary had been chieftain.-CHARLES LAMB.

5. I do not know what I may seem to the world, but to myself I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the sea-shore, and diverting myself with now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, while the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me.-Sir ISAAC NEWTON.

6.

Higher, higher still we climb

Up the mount of glory,

That our names may live through time

In our country's story.-MONTGomery.

7. Pardon me, gentlemen, confidence is a plant of slow growth in an aged bosom.-Lord CHATHAM.

8. The new set of curtains did not correspond with the old pair of blinds.

9. The shortest and the best prayer that we can address to

1

him who knows our wants is this: Thy will be done.-BOLING

BROKE.

10. Be you assured that the works of the English chisel fall not more short of the wonders of the Acropolis, than the best productions of modern pens fall short of the nervous and overwhelming compositions of those that resistless fulmined over Greece. LORD BROUGHAM.

11. Mark, I do beseech you, the severe simplicity, the subdued tone of the diction in the most touching parts of the old man eloquent's loftiest passages.-LORD BROUGHAM.

PROMISCUOUS EXAMPLES OF THE PROPER AND IMPROPER USE OF THE ARTICLES.

$498.. "And the Pharisees and Scribes murmured." The should be inserted before "Scribes," to signify that they were a class distinct from the Pharisees.

b. "Howbeit, when he, the Spirit of Truth, shall come, he will guide you into all truth." The passage should have run, all the truth, that is, the truth concerning the Christian religion.

c. "There are few words in the English language which are employed in a more loose and circumscribed sense than those of the fancy and the imagination."-Spectator. The words those of the are worse than superfluous.

d.

"If I but stretch this hand,

I heave the gods, the ocean, and the land.”—POPE. The objects here are distinct, and are properly marked as such by the repetition of the definite article.

e. "A cool head, an unfeeling heart, and a cowardly disposition, prompted him, at the age of nineteen, to assume the mask of hypocrisy, which he never laid aside." The repetition of the article distinctly marks the three properties in Augustus which GIBBON wished his readers to notice.

f. "But the great triumphs of modern ingenuity and art are those astronomical clocks and watches, in which the counted vibrations of a pendulum or balance-wheel have detected periodical inequalities even in the motion of the earth itself."-ARNOTT'S Physics. A pendulum is not a balance-wheel. The disinction should have been marked by the insertion of the article a before the word balance-wheel.

CHAPTER IV.

SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

§ 499. RULE X-PERSONAL PRONOUNS agree with their Antecedents, or the nouns which they represent, in Gender, Number, and Person; as, "Dryden then betook himself to a weapon at which he was not likely to find his match;" "If Lady Alice knew her guests to have been concerned in the insurrection, she was undoubtedly guilty of what in strictness is a capital crime." Note I.-When the Antecedent is a Collective noun conveying the idea of Unity, the pronoun must agree with it in the Singular number; as, "The Court gave its decision in favor of the plaintiff."

Note II.-When the Antecedent is a Collective noun, conveying the idea of Plurality, the pronoun must agree with it in the Plural number; as, "The Senate were divided in their opinions."

Note III.-When the Antecedent is a noun denoting a young Child, or an Animal which is masculine or feminine, without any regard to sex, the pronoun must agree with it in the Neuter gender; as, "That is a beautiful child; how old is it?" "The robin builds its nest near the habitations of men."

Note IV. When the Antecedent, in the Singular number, is qualified by the adjective many and the article a, it may sometimes have the pronoun agree with it in the Plural number; as, "But yesterday I saw many a brave warrior, in all the 'pomp and circumstance of war,' marching to the battle-field. Where are they now?"

Note V.-When the Antecedent, in the plural form, indicates a single object, the pronoun is Singular; as, "Young's Night Thoughts is worthy a perusal. It is a work of genius."

Note VI.-When the Antecedent is in fact singular, but not expressed, the personal pronoun WE is used by monarchs, reviewers, and authors generally, instead of the pronoun I; as, "To promote the prosperity of this kingdom, we send forth this