is an instance of Grammatical equivalents. Napoleon's army =the army of Napoleon. But though the Saxon or English Genitive is often convertible into what has been called the Norman or the Analytic Genitive, yet in some cases it can not be. Thus, "the Lord's day" is the Christian Sabbath; "the day of the Lord" is the day of Judgment. When the general relation of simple possession is intended, either may be used. But when the one substantive denotes merely the substance or matter, or some quality or thing characteristic of the other, the Norman form is used; as, "A crown of gold;""a man of wisdom." These are not convertible into the English Genitive. "Cloth of wool" can not be converted into "wool's cloth;" nor "a cup of water” into “water's cup," nor the "idea of an angel" into "an angel's idea." Note V. When the thing possessed is only one of a number belonging to the possessor, both the possessive case and of are used; as, "A friend of his brother's," implying that his brother has more friends than one; "the picture of my friend's," signifying that it is one of several belonging to him. For these we have the Grammatical equivalents: "one of his brother's friends;" "this is one of his friend's pictures." "This picture of my friend" suggests a different meaning, namely, a likeness of my friend. The form indicated by this rule has been called the double possessive. Note VI.-A Noun depending upon a Participle used as a noun, is put in the possessive case; as, "He was averse to the nation's involving itself in war;" "the time of William's making the experiment at length arrived." Here involving in the one case, and making in the other, are used as nouns, and are governed by the prepositions to and of. Note VII.-Sometimes two or three words in a state of Gov. ernment may be dealt with as a single word in the possessive; as, "The King of Saxony's army." In this expression three things are evident: 1. That the army is spoken of as belonging not to the country Saxony, but to the King of that country. 2. That the sign of the possessive naturally comes after the word King; as, "The King's army." 3. That, as the expression stands, the army appears to be spoken of as belonging to Sax ony. Yet this is not the fact. The truth is, that the whole ex pression is dealt with as a single word. So we say "Little and Brown's book-seller's shop." Note VIII. The possessive case, like the adjective, belongs to the Attributive combination, and is often a Grammatical equivalent to the adjective. The King's cause = the Royal cause. Casar's party the Cæsarean party. So closely connected in force is the possessive case with the adjective, that some grammarians call it an adjective. Note IX.-Ambiguous expressions like the following should be avoided, when it can be done. Thus, the love of God may mean, objectively, "our love to him;" or, subjectively, "his love to us." The injuries of the Helvetii=the injuries done by them, subjectively, or the injuries done to them, objectively. "The reformation of Luther" denotes either the change on others, the object, or the change on himself, the subject. “The reformation by Luther, or in Luther," removes the ambiguity. The connection will sometimes explain the meaning of such expressions. Note X.-The frequent recurrence either of the Analytic possessive or of the Inflective possessive should be avoided. See Exercises. Note XI.-When the first noun ends in s, the s is often annexed to the apostrophe in prose, but frequently omitted in poetry; as, "James's book;" "Miss's shoes;" "Achilles' wrath to Greece the direful spring." Note XII. The s after the apostrophe is omitted when the first noun has the sound of s in each of the last two syllables, and the second noun begins with that of s; as, For righteousness' sake; for conscience' sake. When the second noun does not begin with s, the practice is various; as, "But we are Moses' disciples," John, ix., 28. "Again, such is his (Falstaff's) deliberate exaggeration of his own vices, that it does not seem quite certain whether the account of his hostess's bill found in his pocket, with such an out-of-the-way charge for capons and sack, with only a halfpenny worth of bread, was not put there by himself as a trick to humor the jest upon his favorite propensities, and as a conscious caricature upon himself.”—Hazlitt's Lectures. COLLOCATION. § 484. In the present English, the Genitive or Possessive case always precedes the noun which it limits; as, The man's hat= hominis pileus; never the hat man's pileus hominis. = ATTRIBUTIVE RELATION OF THE GENITIVE CASE. § 485. A substantive in the possessive case, or under the gov ernment of the preposition of, is said, when it is in the genitive relation, to be joined to a substantive attributively. The different kinds of attributive genitive relations are, 1. The relation of the active subject or agent to an action or effect: "The course of the sun;" "Solomon's temple"=the temple built by Solomon; "the march of an army." 2. The relation of possessor to the thing possessed: "The king's crown;" "the boy's hat;" "the garden of the poet." 3. The mutual relation of one person to another: "The boy's Father" "a man's Friend." 4. The relation of a whole to its parts: "The top of a tree;" "the wheels of a carriage." This relation is also called that of the partitive genitive. 5. The relation of a quality to a person or thing: "A ring of gold;" "a man of honor." The genitive formed by inflec tion, or the Saxon Genitive, is generally used to express the relation of the possessor, and sometimes to express the relation of the agent to an action and the mutual relation of persons. The analytic genitive, or the Norman Genitive, as it is sometimes called, is almost always used to express the relation of quality. EXERCISES UNDER RULE II. THE POSSESSIVE CASE. RULE II.-a. Man's extremity is God's opportunity. C. S. Thy forest, Windsor, and thy green retreats, b. At once the monarch's and the Muse's seats, c. A letter on his father's table, the next morning, announced that he had accepted a commission in a regiment about to embark for Portugal.-CHARLES LAMB. C. S. d. Gray hairs are death's blossoms. C. S. e. A mother tenderness and a father's care are nature's gifts for man advantage. F. S. f. Whose works are these? They are Cicero's, the most eloquent of men. C. S. Note I.-Will you go to the president's this evening? C. S. Note II.-a. The captain, mate, and seamen's exertions brought the ship, under Providence, safely to port. C. S. b. Peter's, John's, and Andrew's occupation was that of fishF. S. ermen. Note III-a. He has obtained the governor's and the secretary's signature to that document. C. S. b. This measure gained the king as well as the people's approbation. F. S. Note IV-a. England's glory he promoted. = = b. He labored to promote the welfare of the world. Note V.-a. This is a discovery of Sir Isaac Newton's. C. S. b. This is a picture of Raphael's. C. S. Note VI.-a. Such will ever be the effect of youth's associating with vicious companions. C. S. b. This coolness was occasioned by the queen intercepting certain letters. F. S. Note VII-a. The anniversary of King William and Queen Mary's accession to the throne approached. C. S. F. S. b. The Bishop's of London charge gave great offense. Note VIII-He fought and died in defense of America's lib erty Give the equivalent. Note IX.-a. He was influenced by the love of Christ. and= Give the two equivalents. = b. He was stimulated to take arms by the injuries of England. -and Note X.-a. The extent of the prerogative of the King of England is sufficiently ascertained. F. S. b. That is my father's brother's daughter's house. F. S. Note XI.-a. Burns's poetry is the offspring of genius. C. S. St. Agnes' eve-ah, bitter cold it was! b. C. S. The owl, for all his feathers, was a-cold.-KEATS. Note XII-a. I was here introduced to Justus' son, a very pleasing young man. C. S. b. If ye suffer for righteousness' sake, happy are ye. C. S. THE OBJECTIVE OR ACCUSATIVE CASE. § 486. RULE III.-A noun depending on a Transitive verb is in the OBJECTIVE CASE; as, "God rules the world which he created." The objective case is complementary to a Transitive verb, and is necessary to complete the sense. Note I.—A noun in the objective case follows an Intransitive verb when the two are kindred in Signification; as, "To live a life of virtue;" "to die the death of the righteous." On the same principle, some transitive verbs take a second objective; as, "He struck him a severe blow." Under this rule may be ranged certain idioms, namely, that of using after verbs transitive or intransitive certain nouns which are not the objects of the verb nor of the same signification, but which are the names of the result of the verb's action, or closely connected with it; as, "And on their hinges grate harsh thunder."-MILTON. "The crisped brook ran nectar;" "grin horribly a ghastly smile;" "let them go their way;" "they turn their eyes this way and that way;" "to look the subject in the face." Note II. Two nouns, the one denoting a Person and the other a Thing, each in the objective case, follow certain verbs, namely, verbs signifying to allow, ask, deny, envy, fine, give, offer, pay, cost, promise, send, teach, tell, and some others; as, "He taught them logic," "a ring cost the purchaser an eagle;" "I gave him the book;" "he offered them his advice." Whom, them, and him are remains of the dative case in the Anglo-Saxon. In strictness, the word give, and a few others, govern the Dative case with the Accusative, without the preposition. In the expressions "give it to him," " to whom shall I give it ?" no prepcsitional aid is necessary. Will it be said that the phrase "ask him his opinion" is ellip tical for "ask of him his opinion?" This will hardly satisfy a grammarian. According to the true idea of a transitive verb, him must be the object in the phrase under consideration as much as in this, "Ask him for a guinea;" or in this, “Ask him to go." In other languages, some transitive verbs, in like manner, govern two accusatives. In the following we have a variety of the same construction: |