82. √ psal (Greek paλ), playing on an instrument; whence psalm; psaltery.

83. √pty (Greek √ πTу, Latin √pitu in pituita, English spit), spitting; whence ptysmagogue.

84. rheu, rhe (Greek pev, pe, Sanscrit vsru, Latin √ru in rivus), flowing; whence rheum; rhetoric; diarrhea; catarrh.

=

Sanscrit √ scand, Latin

85. scad, scand (Greek √okad, okavd, √scand), mounting; whence scandal. 86. scep, scop (Greek VOKET, OKоT, Sanscrit paç, Latin v spec, English spy), seeing; whence scope; episcopal; bishop. 87. schid (Greek √ oxid, Sanscrit tshhid, Latin √ scind, English sheathe), dividing; whence schism.

88. spa (Greek vona, Latin spa in spatium), drawing; whence spasm.

89. √spar (Greek σnар,=Sanscrit √sphar, Latin √ spar in spargo), scattering; whence sperm.

90. spend, spond (Greek опενа, σпоνа), pouring out; whence spondee.

91. √sta, ste (Greek √ σra, orη,=Sanscrit √ sthâ, Latin √ sta, English stay), standing; whence apostate; metastasis; apostasy ; system.

92. √stal, stol (Greek √ oraλ, oroλ,=English stall), placing, sending; whence peristaltic; diastole; apostolic; apostle; epistle. 93. √ steph (Greek √ σred), crowning; whence Stephen, a proper

name.

=

94. √stig (Greek √ σrty, Latin √ stig in instigate, English stick), marking; whence stigma.

95. strophe.

streph, stroph (Greek σтрεO, σTро), turning; whence

96. tag (Greek Tay), arranging; whence tactic; syntax. 97. tam, tom (Greek Tap, Top, Latin v tem), by transposition and lengthening of radical vowel tme (Greek Tun), cutting; whence tome; atom; anatomy; epitome; tmesis.

98. √ tan, ton (Greek √ Tav, TOV, Sanscrit √ tan, Latin √ ten, English thin), stretching; whence tone; tonic; hypotenuse.

99. thaph (Greek dan, in dánтw,

tap), burying; whence cenotaph.

100.

atrophy.

Sanscrit v tap, Latin √

thraph, throph (Greek pap, pop), nourishing; whence

=

101. the (Greek de, Sanscrit dha, Latin do in condo), placing; whence thesis; theme; anathema; antithetic.

102. √thel (Greek √92), willing; whence monothelite.

103.ther (Greek dep, Latin ferv), to be warm; whence thermal; anthracite.

104. ti (Greek VT), honoring; whence Titus, Timon, proper

names.

105.√trap, trop (Greek √траπ, троя), turning; whence trope. 106. tych (Greek Tvx), with guna of radical vowel teuch (Greek Tevx), making; whence pentateuch.

=

107. √typ (Greek VTUT, English tap), striking; whence type; tympanum.

108. √za, zo (Greek √ Sa, So,=Sanscrit √dzhuw, Latin √ vw, English quick), living; whence azote; zoology.

109.ze, zy (Greek Se, Sv), boiling; whence apozem; zeolite; zumic; azyme.

110. √zo (Greek √ 50,=Sanscrit √yu, Latin √ ju in jus), binding, girding; whence zone.

=

111. √zyg (Greek √ Svy, Sanscrit √yudzh, Latin √ jug, English yoke), with guna of radical vowel zeug (Greek Šεvy), joining; whence syzygy; zeugma.

§ 409. 1. Greek stem-adjectives are derived sometimes from known Greek roots; as, Zw-óc, alive, from √ Sa, So, to live; but more frequently from unknown roots; as, Kaλ-óc, good; kak-óç, bad.

2. The Greek stem-adjectives which occur in English are found only in compound words; as, Cal, good, in caligraphy; cac, bad, in cacophony; is, equal, in isonomy; ne, new (compare Latin nov, English new), in neology; or in words with prefixes; as, Cryph, "hidden," in apocrypha.

§ 410. The Greek stem-substantives which occur in English may be distributed as follows:

1. From known Greek roots; as, Lobe, from √ lep, lop, " to peel ;" ode, from aed, oed, "to sing;" plague, from √ plag, "to smite;" pore, from par, por, "to pass through;" rhomb, from rhemb, rhomb, "to turn round;" sphinx, from √ sphing, "to squeeze;" strophe, from straph, stroph, “"to turn;" tome, from √ tam, tom, "to cut" tone, from tan, ton, "to stretch;" trope, from √ trap, trop, "to turn;" type, from √ typ, "to smite."

2. From unknown Greek roots; as, Bomb, choir, chord, lynx, lyre. myth, sphere.

3, Stem-substantives, whether from known or unknown Greek

roots, involved in words formed with suffixes, formed with prefixes, or compounded; as, Log, "word," "discourse" (from leg, log), in logical, prologue, philologue; ac, “ point,” in acme, acrostic.

66

Greek words adopted in English, as a general rule, drop their flexion-endings; as, Chord, graphic, aeronaut. But to this there are many exceptions.

1. Many Greek words retain in English a mute e; as, Tome, cedrine, misanthrope; or a mute ue; as, Prologue, demagogue.

2. Some Greek words retain their flexion-endings in English, viz.: (1.) s, the nominative ending of the imparisyllabic declension; as, Sphinx, lynx.

(2.) os, the masculine termination of the parisyllabic declension; as, Chaos, logos.

(3.) e, the feminine termination of the parisyllabic declension; as, Apocope; or a, the same Latinized; as, Hyperbola.

(4.) on, plural a, the neuter termination of the parisyllabic declension; as, Phenomenon, plural phenomena; apocrypha.

IV.

GREEK DERIVATIVE WORDS WITH

SUFFIXES.

§ 411. The primary derivatives are formed from the root or stem by a single suffix; as, Poet, poesy, poem, all from poe; chrism, Christ, both from chri; archaic, archaism, archive, all from the stem-noun άpxý.

The secondary derivatives are formed from other derivatives; as, Poetic, poetical, poetically, from poet, a derivative noun; baptist, baptism, baptistery, from baptize, a derivative verb.

The primary derivatives include,

1. Derivative verbs in ize, from verbs, and denoting repetition or intensity; as, Baptize, from baph, bapt: or from nouns, and forming factitives; as, Grecize, to render Grecian.

2. Derivative adjectives:

(1.) In ic, from verbs, and denoting capacity or adaptation; as, Graphic, from graph: or from nouns, and denoting relation; as, Cubic, relating to a cube.

(2.) In id, with a preceding union-vowel oid, from nouns, and denoting similarity; as, Conoid, paraboloid.

(3.) In ine, from nouns, and forming hylonymics; as, Cedrine, made of cedar.

(4.) In mon, forming intransitive adjectives; as, Gnomon, from Vgno. Compare mnemonics, pneumonic.

(5.) In r, forming adjectives; as the adjectives from which are formed acrostic, necrology.

(6.) In t, te, from verbs, and forming passive verbal adjectives; as, Christ (literally" anointed"), from chri, chris; antidote, from √ do. 3. Derivative concrete substantives:

(1.) In ad or ade, forming concrete names of number; as, Monad, decade. Also nomad, from v nem, nom.

(2.) In ad or id, forming names of nymphs; as, Naiad, Nereid; or names of poems; as, Iliad, Æneid.

(3.) In al, with uncertain significancy; as, Phial, from √pi; scandal, from scad, scand.

(4.) In an, denoting the instrument; as, Organ, from √erg, org; tympan, from typ, tymp: or forming gentile nouns; as, Sardian. Also orphan, ptisan.

(5.) In ee, forming names of prosodical feet; as, Spondee, from ✓ spend, spond; trochee, from threch, throch.

(6.) In ene, forming gentile nouns; as, Damascene.

(7.) In er, denoting the personal agent, or something conceived of as such; as, Air, from a; ether, from aeth.

(8.) In ite or ot, forming gentile nouns; as, Abderite, Helot.

(9.) In ine, forming gentile nouns; as, Sardine.

(10.) In mate, ma, me, m, before another suffix mat, forming pass

ive concretes; as, Climate, from clin; dogma, from doc; scheme, from sech, sche; anagram, from graph.

(11.) In me; as, Gnome, from √ gno.

(12.) In on; as in tectonic, from √tec, tect.

(13.) In te, t, denoting the personal agent; as, Poet, from v poe, prophet; athlete.

(14.) In ter, denoting the personal agent, or something conceived of as such; as, Crater, from cra; psalter, from √ psal.

(15) In tery, denoting the instrument; as, Cautery, from √ cau; psaltery, from √ psal.

(16.) In tor, denoting the personal agent; as in rhetoric, historic. 4. Derivative abstract substantives:

(1.) In sis, sy, se, s; as, Basis, from √ba; heresy, from √ haere ; phase, from pha; syntax, from √ tag.

(2.) In ia, y; as in Aporia, logomachy.

The secondary derivatives are formed from the root or stem by affixing two or more suffixes. The following are examples: Baptist, from baptize, and baptize, from bap, bapt.

Baptism, from baptize, and baptize, from √ bap, bapt.

Christianize, from Christian, and Christian, from Christ, and Christ, from chri, chris.

Dogmatic, from dogma, and dogma, from doc.

Climacter, from climax, and climax, from climat, and climat, from

✓ clin.

V.

GREEK DERIVATIVE

WORDS WITH PREFIXES.

§ 412. Under this head we include Greek compounds whose first member is a particle of place, or a particle denoting negation, deterioration, or the like.

There are three species of these derivatives to be clearly distinguished from each other: (1.) Where the particle is a preposition, used in its original character as an adverb of place; as, Apocope; (2.) where the particle is a preposition, used as a preposition, with its complement; as, Pericranium; (3.) where the particle is an adverb of negation, or the like; as, Anarchy, euphony.

Many persons well acquainted with Greek fail to derive the full advantage of their knowledge from not analyzing the Greek compounds found in the English language. To such, it is thought, the following investigation of the force of the Greek prefixes found in English may be of service. An intelligent use of words is certainly desirable for every educated person. Something, also, may be gained by scientific arrangement.

The prefixes denoting place, although sometimes employed here as prepositions with their complements, are originally and properly adverbs.

1. Amphi or amphis, Greek ἀμφί or ἀμφίς, Bolie ἀμπί=Sanscrit api; Latin ambi, amb, am, an; Old German umpi; German um; Anglo-Saxon ymbe, ymb, embe, emb (connected with Sanscrit ubhau. Greek auow, Latin ambo, Gothic ba, both).

(1.) On both sides; as, Amphibrach, short on both sides, a poetic foot consisting of a short, a long, and a short; amphisbæna, moving either way foremost, the name of an animal so moving.

(2.) About, around; as, Greek dμpidéw, to bind about. No example occurs in English.

2. An before vowels, or a before consonants, Greek ȧv, d=Sanscrit an, a; Latin in; German un; English in and un (connected with Greek avev, German ohne, both signifying without); denoting negation; as, Anarchy, want of government; ambrosia, an imaginary food supposed to confer immortality; atom, an indivisible particle; abyss, a bottomless gulf.

3. Ana before consonants, or an before vowels, Greek ává, ȧv=