MADISON'S ACCOUNT OF "THE FEDERALIST." THE following memorandum complies with Mr. Paulding's request of the 16th instant.' The papers under the Title of "Federalist " and signature of "publius" were written by A. H. J. M. and J. J. in the latter part of the year 1787-and the former part of the year 1788. The immediate object of them was to vindicate and recommend the new Constitution to the State of N. Y. whose ratification of the instrument, was doubtful as well as important. The undertaking was proposed by A. H. (who had probably consulted with Mr. Jay and others) to J. M. who agreed to take a part in it. The papers were originally addressed to the people of N. Y. under the signature of a "Citizen of N. Y." This was changed for that of "Publius," the first name of Valerius Publicola. A reason for the change was that one of the Writers was not a citizen of that State: another that the publication had diffused itself among most of the other States. The papers were first published at N. Y. in a Newspaper printed by Francis Childs. at the rate during great part of the time at least of four numbers a week; and notwithstanding this exertion, they were not compleated till a large proportion of the States had decided on the Constitution. They were edited as soon as possible in two small vols. the preface to the 1st vol: drawn up by Mr. H bearing date N. York Mar 1788-In a publication at N. Y. in 1810 entitled 'Sent by Madison to Paulding with the following letter: "DR SIR MONTPR, July 23 [1818] I return your copy of Gideon's Edition of the Federalist, with the memorandum requested in your note of the 16th. I shall take a pleasure in adding any other circumstances which you may wish to know, and I may be able to communicate. ."-EDITOR. "the Works of A. H" is comprized an Edition of the CONTENTS. NO. I. INTRODUCTION. HAMILTON. Utility of the Union-Inefficiency of confederation-Capacity of people for self-government-Opposition of state officials to new constitution--Honest differences of opinion-Political intolerance-Charges and counter-charges-Publius a supporter of the proposed constitution-Outline of the Federalist-Ñational sentiment for Union, NO. 2 THE VALUE OF UNION. I JAY. Necessity of government-Theory of separate confederaciesGeographical and racial homogeneity of the United StatesInefficiency of the articles of confederation-The federal convention-Consideration of the constitution-The Congress of 1774Universal belief in the necessity of Union-Project of separate confederacies, NO. 3. 7 JAY. ADVANTAGES AND NECESSITY IN RELATION TO FOREIGN POWERS. Safety of public opinion-Public safety a common end-Causes of war-Treaties and commerce as causes-Efficient national government will secure services of ablest men-A supreme government necessary in construing treaties-Union a check on injustice in the states-A national government less likely to afford just causes of war-Indian wars caused by the states-Neighboring countries and consequent border wars-Advantage of national government in negotiating with foreign powers-Greater weight of the Union likely to secure better terms, NO. 4. 12 JAY. RELATIONS WITH FOREIGN POWERS. Motives of war-Rivalry with France and Britain in fisheries --Commercial rivalry with Europe-China and India tradeRivalry with European colonies-Exclusion from Mississippi and St. Lawrence-Jealousy of Europe-Inducements to war-A single government necessary for safety-Advantages of national government-Militia and navy of Great Britain-America divided into independent governments-Attitude of foreign govern ments, 17 NO. 5. JAY. PROJECT OF SEPARATE CONFEDERACIES IN Queen Anne's letter on union of England and Scotland-Example of Great Britain-Division of the United States-Results of separate confederacies-Inevitable jealousy-The "Northern Hive"-Similar confederacies-Folly of mere alliances and treaties-Certainty of appeals to Europe, NO. 6. 22 HAMILTON. SEPARATE CONFEDERACIES SURE TO END IN DISSENSION BETWEEN STATES. Certainty of interstate contests-Causes of hostility among nations-Wars produced by personal influence-Alleged pacific genius of republics-Republics as much addicted to war as monarchies-Examples of Sparta, Athens, Rome, Carthage, Venice, Holland, and Britain—As many popular as royal wars-Wars between France and England-No reason to expect cordiality between the states if separated-Vicinage constitutes nations natural enemies, 27 NO. 7. HAMILTON. CAUSES FOR DISSENSIONS BETWEEN STATES IF SEPARATED. Territorial disputes-Public territory-Wyoming controversy -Vermont dispute-Competitions of commerce-Discriminating commercial regulations-The New York imposts-The national debt-Difficulties of apportioning debt-Laws in violation of private contracts-Example of Rhode Island-Domestic and foreign alliances-Certainty of European entanglements, . 33 NO. 8. HAMILTON. CONSEQUENCES OF HOSTILITIES BETWEEN STATES. War between the states particularly distressing-Lack of standing armies and fortified posts-Necessary introduction of standing armies-Competition between the states in armaments-Example of Greek republics-National danger unduly magnifies military power at expense of citizens-Example and peculiar felicity of Great Britain-Similarity of the United StatesNeedlessness of extensive military establishments, NO. 9. 41 HAMILTON. THE UNION A SAFEGUARD AGAINST DOMES TIC DISTURBANCES. Example of Greek and Italian republics-Arguments against republican government and civil liberty-Improvements in the art of government-Advantages of extended territory-Opinion |