Accounts of public money shall

be published, 608c.
Achæan League, 96, 111-114, 237;
One of the best of ancient
leagues, 96; Resemblance of,
to government created by
Constitution, 305; Aban-
doned the experiment of
plural prætors, 468.

Acts: Congress shall prescribe
the manner of proving,
618c; Full faith and credit
shall be given to, 618c, 730.
Adams, John, 5122.
Adams, J. Q., 329n.
Adams, Samuel, 2n.
Adjournment, 601c, 614c; Execu-
tive power over legislative,
461.
Admiralty (see also Maritime
Jurisdiction): Causes deter-
mined without jury, 558; Fed-
eral power over, 615c.
Agriculture (see also Landed In-
terests): Interests of, inter-
woven with those of com-
merce, 73; Only a concern of
local legislation, 104; Some
States little more than socie-
ties of husbandmen, 375; Pre-
dominance of, in the U. S.,
899.

Alaska, 285.
Albany, 382.

Alien (see also Foreign Influence;
Naturalization): Feeling
against, in America, 139n;
Antagonism to, usually the
cloak of religious intolerance,
1392;
National and State
powers as to, 278; Possible
influence of, in producing do-
mestic insurrection, 289; Es-
pecial danger from slave,
290; National vs. State
powers over, 681.

Alien Law: Unconstitutionality
of, 681, 685.

Alienage, 651, 654, 661.

Allegiance (see also Oath): State
vs. national, 702.

Alliance: No State shall enter

into any, 608c.
Ambassadors: The President
may appoint, 614c; Judicial
power of the United States
shall extend to, 615c, 617c.
Amendment: Effect of Eleventh,
xiv; Clause in Constitution
concerning, 291; Limitations
upon, 291; System of obtain-
ing, 585; Greater ease of ob.
taining single, 586; Not de-
pendent on Congress, 587;

739

Amendment- Continued.

Attempts to obtain, prior to
adoption of Constitution, 587;
Congress may propose,
620; On application of the
legislatures, Congress shall
call a convention to propose,
620c; Valid when ratified by
the legislatures of, or by
conventions in, three-fourths
of the States, 620c; To the
Confederate Constitution,

how made, 731.
Amendments, Proposed: Massa- |
chusetts,632; South Carolina,
633; New Hampshire, 633;
Virginia, 635; New York,
639 North Carolina, 646;
By Conventions, 676; Jeffer-
son's Louisiana, 686, Hart-
ford Convention, 687; Crit-
tenden's, 716; Peace Con-
ference, 718.

America (see also United States):

Not exempted from common
calamities, 277; The United
States ascendant in, 70; Ex-
clusion of European influence
from, 70n.

American Citizen: Proud title of;
706.

American Governments: Improve-

ment over ancient, 54; Defect
of, 55.

American People (see also Citizens;
Majority; People; Slaves):
Fear of, xii; Limited influ-
ence of, in U. S. Government,
xii; Insist upon selecting
President, xvii; Vindication
of, in choosing President,
xvii; Self-control of, xix;
Great body of, in favor of
union, xxv, 6, 9, 11, 12; Capa- |
city of, for self-government,
1; Prosperity of, depends
on union, 8; Intelligent and
well-informed, 12; Kinship
of, 86; Feel no blind venera-
tion for antiquity or custom,
86; Numerous innovations of.
in favor of private and public
happiness, 87; Frequently
act without precedent, 87 |
Quite as likely to side with

American People- Continued.
National as with State Gov-
ernments, 102, 169, 196; Will
entirely control National
Government, 104; Majority
of, controlled by minority
under Confederation, 135;
Gave no sanction to Articles
of Confederation, 143, 292;
The only source of legiti-
mate authority, 143, 334;
Will be more apt to side with
their local governments, 157;
Too discerning to be argued
into anarchy, 163; Prejudice
of, against standing armies,
derived from Great Britain,
164; Theory that they will
oppose Federal authority,
169; Hold the balance be-
tween State and National
governments, 177, 197; The
final judges of national law,
203, 311; In ratifying Con-
stitution will act in their
corporate capacity, 248, 249;
Not a nation, 249; A national
body as regards House of
Representatives, 249; Trans-
cendent right of, to abolish
or alter governments, 258;
Pass ordinances of nullifica-
tion and secession, 293n; The
last resort for unconstitu-
tional Federal acts, 300; Rel-
ative greater importance of
State governments to, 309,
311; Ultimate authority re-
sides in, 311; Only possible
method of National Govern-
ment securing preference of,
312; Advantage of, as to
arms, 317; Necessary protec-
tion of minority of, from ma-
jority, 346; Possible disagree-
ment of, with State govern-
ments in relation to the Na-
tional Government, 395, 396;
A majority of, required for
national legislation, 411; The
Senate a defence against the
errors and illusions of, 419;
Direct delegates of, have no
treaty-making power, 428;
Aversion of, to monarchy,

American People—Continued.

447; Superior to their own
representatives, 521; Right
of, to alter or abolish govern-
ment, 522; Recognition of,
in Preamble of Constitution,
573; Will be watchful of
National Government, 577;
Equal privileges under Con-
federation, 591; Right of, to
assemble and petition for
redress of grievances shall
not be abridged by Congress,
622c; Right of, to keep and
bear arms shall not be in-
fringed, 622c; Right of, to be
secure in persons, houses,
papers, and effects against
unreasonable searches and
seizures shall not be violated,
622c; The rights in the Con-
stitution shall not be held to
deny or disparage others re-
tained by, 625c; Powers not
delegated to the United
States, nor prohibited to the
States, are reserved to the
States or to the, 625c; Rights
of: Proposed amendment con-
cerning, 635, 639, 646; Free-
dom of assembly of: Proposed
amendment concerning, 636,
641, 647

Right of, to reas-
sume government: Proposed
amendment concerning, 639;
Governmental acts to run in
name of Proposed amend-
ment concerning, 644; Right
of, to establish fundamental
laws, 687; Formed the Con-
stitution, 700; National Gov-
ernment acts directly upon,
701; Synonymous with citi-
zens, 709; Sovereignty of, 709.
American System: Idea of one,
70-72.

Amphictyonic Confederacy: Ac-
count of, 108, 237; Analogy
of, to American Confedera-
tion, 109.

Annapolis Convention: Recom-
mendations of, 253, 257.
Anne, Queen, 22.
Annulment

Veto.

see Supreme Court;

741

Anti-Federalists (see also Strict
Constructionists): In New
York, xx, xxi; Triumph of, in
New York election, xxv; A
land-holding party, xxvi ;
Driven from polls in New
York City, xxvi; Forced to
ratify Constitution in New
York, xxvi; One motive of,
38; Error in the nature of
attacks of, 148; The princi-
ples of, destructive of all
government, 163; Objection
of, to Federal taxation, 195;
Want of fairness in publica-
tions of, 228, 447, 582; Lack
of accord in objections of,
to Constitution, 240, 241; Be-
tray themselves in objections
to standing army, 265; Do
not consider people in rela-
tion to Constitution, 310.
Appeals to the People: Dangers
and inconveniences attend-
ing, 335-337; Objections to
periodical, 339-342.
Appellate Jurisdiction: Meaning
of, 547; No impediment to
appeal from State courts to
inferior National courts, 554;
In what cases the Supreme
Court shall have, 617c.
Appointment (see also Civil

Service; Office-holders): Con-
gressional assumption of,
xvi, 329n; Presidential
power of, 463, 505; New York
system of, 464, 472, 513; Fre-
quent Presidential changes
will produce mutability in,
482; Constitutional clause re-
garding, commended, 505;
Possible systems of, 505; Im-
portance of responsibility in,
506; Possible favoritism in,
506, 508-9; Danger of bar-
gains over, 507; President
should be solely concerned
in, 507; As a means of secur-
ing legislation, 507, 509; No
advantage for Senate to neg-
ative, 508; Congressmen ex-
cluded from, 510; Early non-
partisan system of, 51IN;
Growth of partisan, 512m;

Appointment-Continued.

Share of Senate in, prevents
partisan removal, 511; Presi-
dential power of, as an in-
fluence on Senate, 512; A
council of, an intriguing con-
clave, 514; Proposition to
unite House of Representa-
tives with Senate in, 515;
Of officers, and authority to
train the militia reserved to
the States respectively, 606c;
Congress may vest, in Presi-
dent, 614; By courts of law
and heads of departments,
614; to be made by the
President, 728.
Apportionment (see also Represen-
tatives, House of): Of repre-
sentation and direct taxation
among the several States,
599; Of Representatives
among the several States,
629c; Of representatives, 721.
Appropriations: Of money for
army limited, 606c; No money
shall be drawn from the
Treasury but in consequence
of, 608; Bills may be ap-
proved in part and disap-
proved in part, 723;
For
Army not to exceed
years, 724; By law, 725.
Aristocracy (see also Weil-born):
Definition of, xliii, xliv.
Armies, Standing: One advantage
of, in Europe, 41; Advan-
tages of, 41; Fatal effects of,
on liberty, 41-44; Modern de-
velopment of, 42"; Motive for
establishing, 42, 43n; Superi-
ority secured by, 43; Of U. S.,
Mexico, and Brazil, 432; Not
provided against in Constitu-
tion, 43; Will result from dis-
solution of Confederacy, 48,
46; Why they did not spring
up in the Grecian republics,
44; Necessitated by modern
commercialism, 44; Attempt
to coerce States with,
amounts to war between
States, 97; Resources of Union
not equal to great, 99; No
provision against, in Consti-

two

Armies, Standing-Continued.
tution and in most State gov-
ernments, 150; Declamation
concerning, 150, 151; Fully
controlled by Congress, 151:
Raising of, does not rest with
Executive, 151; Appropria-
tions for, limited to two years,
151; Few interdictions of,
in State constitutions, 151;
Under Articles of Confedera-
tion, 152, 153; Necessity of,
for western garrisons, 154;
Impropriety of any constitu-
tional interdiction of, 154;
Why it is better for an army
to be in the hands of the Fed-
eral government than in those
of the State governments,
156-158; Dangers of, if con-
trolled by States, 157; Indefi-
niteness of objections to, 158;
Necessitated by Indians, 159;
Effect of a limitation on, in
time of peace, 159; Origin of
prejudice against, 163; His-
tory of, in Great Britain, 164;
Provision concerning, in the
English Bill of Rights framed
at the Revolution in 1688, 164;
State limitations on, with con-
sent of the legislature, 165;
New York constitution silent
regarding, 165; Limited by
Constitution to two years, 166;
Undue augmentation of, its
own warning of danger, 167;
Far less necessary in a united
than in a disunited state,
168; Necessity of, for every
government, 176; Idle fear
of, in representative govern-
ment, 176; A large one not
probable in America, 179; In-
troduction of, in Europe, 262;
Guarded against by Constitu-
tion, 263, 264; No check upon,
in Great Britain, 264; High-
est proportion of a standing
army to the population of a
country, 317; Possible size
of, in U. S., 317; Proposed
amendment concerning, 634,
636, 637, 640, 643.

Arms-Continued.

keep and bear, 622c, 725; Right
to carry: Proposed amend-
ment concerning, 634, 636,
640, 648, 649.

Army: Power to raise, under
Confederation, 133; Unlimit-
ed powers of Continental
Congress to raise, 146; States
restricted from keeping, 297;
Regulation of, by Confedera-
tion, 593: Confederate Con-
gress to raise and support,
724.

Army, United States (see Reg-
ulars, U. S.): Relatively small
growth of, 42n; Defects of a
bounty system for enlisting,
134; Unlimited control of,
by nation, 145; Presidential
command over, 496; Con-
gress shall make rules for the
government and regulation
of the land and naval forces,
606; Limit on appropriation
for, 606c; President not to
command, 644.

Army, Volunteer: More likely to
plunder, 42.
Arsenals

Exclusive authority

over all, 606c.

Arthur, Chester A., 330n.

Articles of Confederation : see
Confederation, Articles of.
Arts and Sciences, 605c, 724.
Aspasia, 28.

Assemble: People may, 725.
Assemblies (see also Representa-

tives, House of): Objections to
numerous, 368, 369, 388-391;
After a number of Represen-
tatives sufficient for the pur-
poses of safety, of local in-
formation, and of diffusive
sympathy with the whole
society is secured, any addi-
tion to them is injurious, 388-
391.

Athens, 30, 31, 50n; Ruin of, by
personal influence, 28; In-
fluence of, in Greece, 110; Ri-
valry of, with Sparta, 110;
Lack of a safeguard against
passions in, 419; Government
of, 421.

743

Atlantic Coast: Vulnerability of,

266.

Attainder: Of treason shall not

work corruption of blood or
forfeiture, 617, 730.
Attainder, Bill of Restriction
upon States regarding, 294,
296, 570; Shall not be passed,
607c, 608c; Prohibited to Con-
gress, 725; prohibited to the
States, 726.
Austria, 31.

Bagehot: Cited, 462n, 479, 496n;
On English Constitution,
172n; As to fixed term of of-
fice, 230n; On separation of
governmental powers, 320n.
Bail, Excessive: Shall not be re-
quired, 624c, 726; Proposed
amendment concerning, 636,
640, 647.

Ballot (see also Elections): For
President and Vice Pres-
ident, 626c.
Bank, National: Jefferson's opin-
ion on, 651; Hamilton's opin-
ion on, 655; Nature of, 669;
Necessity of, to government,
669-671; Need of, in national
finances, 677-8; Unconstitu-
tionality of law concerning,
680, 685.
Bankruptcy: National power to
regulate, 279, 662; Congress
shall have power to pass uni-
form laws on the subject of,
605; Proposed amendment
concerning, 644; Laws of, to
be uniform, 724.

Barons Struggle of, with mon-
archy, 107.

Bavaria Forced to join German
Empire, 99.

Belgic Confederacy: Outline of,
119; Defect of, 121.
"Best Men": More likely to

serve national than local gov-
ernments, 13, 20.

Bill of Attainder: see Attainder,
Bill of

Bill of Rights (see also Private
Rights): Violation of, 55′′; In-
efficacy of, in South American
governments, 55n; Lack of, in