BOHN'S PHILOSOPHICAL LIBRARY.

THE INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT

OF EUROPE.

HISTORY

OF THE

INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT

OF

EUROPE.

BY

JOHN WILLIAM DRAPER, M.D., LL.D.,

FORMERLY PROFESSOR IN THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK;

AUTHOR OF A "TREATISE ON HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY,' "THE HISTORY OF THE CONFLICT
BETWEEN RELIGION AND SCIENCE," ETC.

VOL. II.

LONDON: GEORGE BELL AND SONS, YORK STREET,

COVENT GARDEN.

1891.

CB

53

.D8

1291

v. 2

copy I

LONDON:

REPRINTED FROM STEREOTYPE PLATES BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CHOSS.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST. THE THREE ATTACKS: NORTHERN

OR MORAL; WESTERN OR INTELLECTUAL; EASTERN OR MILITARY.

THE NORTHERN OR MORAL ATTACK ON THE ITALIAN SYSTEM, AND ITS TEMPORARY

REPULSE.

Geographical Boundaries of Italian Christianity.—Attacks upon it.

The Northern or moral Attack.—The Emperor of Germany insists on a

reformation in the Papacy.-Gerbert, the representative of these Ideas,

is made Pope. They are both poisoned by the Italians.

Commencement of the intellectual Rejection of the Italian System.—It

originates in the Arabian doctrine of the supremacy of Reason over

Authority. The question of Transubstantiation.—Rise and develop-

ment of Scholasticism.—Mutiny among the Monks.

Gregory VII. spontaneously accepts and enforces a Reform in the Church.

-Overcomes the Emperor of Germany.-Is on the point of establishing

a European Theocracy.-The Popes seize the military and monetary

Resources of Europe through the Crusades.

Page 1

CHAPTER II.

THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST- -(Continued).

THE WESTERN OR INTELLECTUAL ATTACK ON THE ITALIAN SYSTEM.

The intellectual Condition of Christendom contrasted with that of

Arabian Spain.

Diffusion of Arabian intellectual Influences through France and Sicily.

-Example of Saracen Science in Alhazen, and of Philosophy in

Algazzali.-Innocent III. prepares to combat these Influences.-Results

to Western Europe of the Sack of Constantinople by the Catholics.