(Wiley & Sons) about the time of the completion of the German revision.

4. Report of the Superintendent of the Coast Survey, showing the progress of the Survey during the year 1875. 412 pp. 4to, with thirty charts.-Among the twenty Appendices may be mentioned: Report on Mount Saint Elias, Alaska, by Wm. H. Dall; No. 11, Report on recent observations at South Pass Bar, Mississippi River; Discussion of Tides in New York Harbor, by Wm. Ferrel; Report on the Transit of Venus Expedition to Japan, 1874, by George Davidson; Report on the Transit of Venus Expedition to Chatham Island, 1874, by Edwin Smith; Terrestrial Magnetism, Instructions for magnetical observations, by C. A. Schott.

5. Eleventh Annual Report of the Trustees of the Peabody Museum of American Archæology and Ethnology. Presented to the President and Fellows of Harvard College, September, 1872. Vol. II, No. 2. 458 pp. 8vo. Cambridge, 1878.-This Report contains several memoirs of special value. The first is a Second Report by C. C. Abbot, on the "implements found in the Glacial Drift of New Jersey, occupying over 30 pages. This is followed by others on Cave Dwellings in Utah, Manufacture of soapstone pots by the Indians of New England, Archæological explorations in Tennessee, and other papers of great interest.

6. A History of the Growth of the Steam Engine; by R. H. THURSTON, A.M., C.E. 490 pp. 8vo. New York, 1878. (D. Appleton & Co., International Science Series.)-A thoroughly readable and instructive discussion of a most interesting subject. The concluding chapter on the "Philosophy of the Steam Engine" gives a concise statement of an important branch of thermodynamics in accordance with modern principles.

328

7. Elementary Quantitative Analysis; by ALEXANDER CLASSEN, Professor in the Royal Polytechnic School, Aix la Chapelle. Translated with additions by EDGAR F. SMITH, Á.M., Ph.D. pp. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1878. (Henry C. Lea.)-In this work the methods of separation required in quantitative analysis are taught by means of examples. The directions for the successive steps in each analysis are given with care and minuteness, and will be found of great value to the student.

8. The American Quarterly Microscopical Journal, containing the Transactions of the New York Microscopical Society. Vol. I, No. I. 82 pp. 8vo.-The first number of this new scientific Quarterly, issued under the auspices of the New York Microscopical Society, bears throughout evidence that the Journal will be a valuable record of new discoveries, memoirs, and works in the science to which it is devoted. It contains papers by J. D. HYATT, H. L. SMITH, F. B. HINE, W. H. SEAMAN, W. T. BELFIELD, W. LIGHTON, E. PERCIVAL WRIGHT, besides miscellaneous notices and reviews, and is illustrated by seven excellent plates. We commend the Journal strongly to all who are interested in scientific discovery and progress. A very large part of this progress in

recent years has come through microscopic investigation and the same source still continues to be prolific in the profoundest of discoveries.

Mémoires sur les Terrains Cretacé et Tertiaires preparés par feu ANDRÉ DUMONT, pour servir à la description de la Carte Géologique de la Belgique. edités par MICHEL MOURLON, Conservateur au Museé d'Hist. Nat. Tome II Terrrains Tertiaires, Première Patrie. 440 pp., 8vo. Bruxelles, 1878.

OBITUARY.

THOMAS BELT.-Mr. Thomas Belt, F.G.S., of London, England, died in Kansas City, Missouri, on Saturday, September 28. Mr. Belt had been for some time past actively at work in Colorado, looking after the mining interests of some English company. During the same time he has made some interesting notes of the Drift of that State, and in a letter to the writer in August, he informed him of the discovery of a skull of a human being in the Drift, the details of which he was engaged in studying and working out. He was engaged in preparing a paper to be presented to the American Association at the St. Louis meeting, on the subject of the above-named skull, but did not complete his study in time. He has written many valuable papers on geology, especially on glaciers, and also an interesting volume, entitled "The Naturalist in Nicaragua," continued the result of his observations of over two years in that country. One of his papers is on the retrocession of Niagara Falls.

About two weeks previous to his death he had shown signs of insanity, and it was thought best to remove him to New York. Mr. Silas Lloyd, who had been for a short time associated with him, accompanied him. Just before arriving at Kansas City, Mr. Lloyd had occasion to leave him for a few minutes. On returning, he found the door locked. Mr. Belt refused to let him in, and commenced a furious onslaught on furniture and car. Parties crawled through the broken windows and succeeded in pacifying him. Getting him off the train, he was prevailed upon to drink a glass of milk, and about twenty minutes afterward he died.

G. C. BROADHEAD.

Dr. E. v. ASTEN; M. E. QUETELET; THOMAS GRUBB.-Astronomy has recently lost several able men by death. One of these was Dr. E. von Asten, who was attached to the Pulkowa Observatory, and who has carried on the discussion of the observations and orbit of Encke's comet since Professor Encke's death. He died August 15th, at Kiel, aged 36. Another loss is that of M. E. Quetelet on the 6th of Sept., at Ixelles at the age of 53. He was assistant at the Brussels Observatory for more than twenty years, the direction of which practically fell on him. One of his many important contributions to science was on the proper motions of certain stars. Mr. Thomas Grubb, the maker of the large Melbourne reflector, and of numerous other large reflectors and refractors, died Sept. 19, in the 78th year of his age.

Dr. AUGUST HEINRICH PETERMAN.—Dr. A. H. PETERMANN, the learned geographer, and editor or the "Mittheilungen," died at Gotha, Germany, on the 27th of September, at the age of fifty-six.

APPENDIX.

ART. XLIV.-Principal Characters of American Jurassic
Dinosaurs; by Professor O. C. MARSH.

Part I.

With seven Plates.

ON the flanks of the Rocky Mountains, a narrow belt of strata can be traced for several hundred miles, marked always by the bones of gigantic Dinosaurs. Its position is above the characteristic red Triassic beds, and immediately below the hard sandstone of the Dakota group. Hayden, Cope and others have regarded this horizon as Cretaceous, but the abundant vertebrate remains now known from it prove its Jurassic age beyond a reasonable doubt. The writer examined typical outcrop of this series, on the western slope of the mountains in Wyoming, in 1868, and determined it to be Jurassic; and he has recently named the series the Atlantosaurus beds, from the most striking vertebrates they contain. The strata consist mainly of estuary deposits of shale and sandstone, and the horizon is clearly upper Jurassic, as shown in the accompanying section (Plate IV.)*

Besides the Dinosaurs, which are especially abundant, numerous remains of Crocodilia (Diplosaurus), as well as Tortoises and Fishes (Ceratodus), have been found, and with them a single Pterodactyle (Pterodactylus montanus). The small Marsupial (Dryolestes priscus) recently described by the writer was discovered in the same beds.

The remains of Dinosauria in this series of strata are mostly of enormous size, and indicate by far the largest land animals hitherto discovered. Atlantosaurus immanis must have been at least eighty feet in length, and several others nearly equaled it in bulk. With these monsters occur the most diminutive Dinosaurs yet found, one of them (Nanosaurus) being about as large as a cat. The herbivorous Dinosaurs now known from these beds are of special interest, and represent two distinct groups, the more important characters of which. are given in the present article.

*This section was especially designed to illustrate an Address by the writer, on The Introduction and Succession of Vertebrate Life in America. This Journal, vol. xiv, p. 337, Nov., 1877.

This Journal, vol. xv, p. 233, Sept., 1878.
This Journal, vol. xv, p. 412, June, 1878.

SAUROPODA.

A well marked group of gigantic Dinosaurs from the above horizon has been characterized by the writer as a distinct family, Atlantosauridae, but they differ so widely from typical Dinosauria, that they belong rather in a suborder, which may be called Sauropoda, from the general character of the feet. They are the least specialized of the order, and in some characters show such approach to the Mesozoic Crocodiles, as to suggest a common ancestry at no very remote period.

The most marked characters of this group are as follows: 1. The fore and hind limbs are nearly equal in size.

2. The carpal and tarsal bones are distinct.

3. The feet are plantigrade, with five toes on each foot.

4. The precaudal vertebræ contain large cavities, apparently pneumatic.

5. The neural arches are united to the centra by suture. 6. The sacral vertebræ do not exceed four, and each supports its own transverse process.

7. The chevrons have free articular extremities.

8. The pubes unite in front by ventral symphysis. 9. The third trochanter is rudimentary or wanting. 10. The limb bones are without medullary cavities.

Of this suborder, Sauropoda, four genera are well represented in the Museum of Yale College, and others, apparently closely allied, are indicated by remains from this country and Europe described by various authors. The genera Atlantosaurus, (Titanosaurus),* Apatosaurus and Morosaurus, have already been described by the writer, and with the new genus Diplodocus, defined below, are the most characteristic American representatives of this group. Of these, Morosaurus is known from a large number of individuals, including one nearly complete skeleton, and hence, in the present communication, this genus will be mainly used to illustrate the group.

Morosaurus, Marsh, 1878.

The head in this genus was very small. The skull shows in its fixed quadrates and some other features a resemblance to that in the Crocodiles. The rami of the lower jaw are not united by symphysis. The teeth are numerous, and their general form is shown in Plate V, figures 1 and 2. The neck was elongated, and, except the atlas, all the cervical vertebræ have deep cavities in the sides of the centra, similar to those in birds of flight. (Plate V, figures 3 and 5). They are also strongly opisthocœlous. The atlas and axis are not ankylosed together, and the elements of the atlas are distinct. The supero-lateral pieces unite with the axis by zygapophyses, (Plate V, figure 4, z). *This Journal, xiv, pp. 87, 514; xv, pp. 241.

The dorsal vertebræ have elongated neural spines, and deep cavities in the sides. They are distinctly opisthocoelous. There are four vertebræ in the sacrum, all with cavities in the centra. Their transverse processes are vertical plates, with expanded ends. The anterior caudal vertebræ are plano-concave, and nearly or quite solid. The tail was elongated, and the chevrons are similar to those in Crocodiles.

The scapula is elongated and very large, and has a prominent anterior projection. The coracoid is small, suboval in outline, and has the usual foramen near its upper border. These two bones are well represented in Plate VI, nearly in the relative position in which they were found. The humerus is very large and massive, and its radial crest prominent. This bone is nearly solid, and its ends were rough, and well covered with cartilage. This is true also of all the large limb bones in this genus. The radius and ulna are nearly equal in size. The carpal bones are separate, and quite short. The five metacarpals are short and stout, and the first is the largest. The toes were thick, and the ungual phalanges were evidently covered with hoofs. In Plate VII, figure 1, the restoration of the scapular arch and entire fore limb of one species of Morosaurus, well illustrates this part of the skeleton.

The pelvic bones are distinct from each other, and from the sacrum. The ilium is short and massive, and shows on its inner side only slight indications of its attachment to the sacrum. More than half of the acetabulum is formed by the ilium, which sends down in front a strong process for union with the pubis, and a smaller one behind to join the ischium (Plate VIII, figure 1, a and b). The acetabulum is completed below by the pubis and ischium. The pubis is large and stout, and projects forward and downward, uniting with its fellow on the median line in a strong ventral symphysis. Its upper posterior margin meets the ischium, and contains a large foramen. The ischium projects downward and backward, and in Morosaurus its distal end is not expanded for a symphysis. The relative position and general form of the three pelvic bones in this genus are shown in Plate X, figure 3.

The femur is long and massive, and without a true third trochanter, although a rugosity marks its position. The great trochanter is obtuse, and placed below the head. The ridge which plays between the tibia and fibula is distinct. The tibia is shorter than the femur. It is without a spine or fibular ridge, and its distal end shows that the astragalus was separated from it by a cushion of cartilage. The fibula is stout, its two extremities nearly equal, and its distal end supports the calcaneum. The two tarsal bones of the second row are short, and the five welldeveloped digits are similar to those in the manus. The first metatarsal is much the largest. (Plate VII, figure 2.)