the value of the hay as it lies in the fields, is sufficiently onerous to drive such freight from the road.

On the iron of the South Carolina Railroad, it would not, probably, be prudent to run cars laden with granite slabs to the extent of more than a foot or two from the floors of the cars, and the vacant space above these layers might be advantageously appropriated to this description of light freight. With these views we have formed the estimate that granite from Columbia, at $2 per ton, will pay the Company at least as well as cotton from Hamburg at 50 cents per bale. We have entered into this calculation in anticipation of the doubts and difficulties which will be set up by the thousand croakers amongst us, who are ever ready to predict the failure of any enterprise that is proposed or started in the state. We must repudiate and disgrace this contemptible class of moping wiseacres by falsifying their solemn forebodings in the displays and results of energetic movements. Whatever any other people can do, we can do in South Carolina. We are not wanting in any of the elements of enterprise, but the disposition to engage in them is unfortunately lacking. A stupid and vicious public opinion has heretofore tended to push our young men into the learned professions, or the proprietorship of planting interests, as the only avenues to honorable success in life, and in consequence we have but few of those intellectual, well-educated, scientific mechanics growing up around us, who are necessary to give impulse

to our resources.

But a beginning has been made. Already are the cotton lords of Lowell, who have grown rich on the bounties of the federal government, looking with jealousy and anxiety to the development of Southern skill in the manufacture of cotton. The factories of South Carolina and Georgia now find a ready sale for their fabrics, even in Northern markets, at such prices as enable them to declare good dividends; and if, in this early stage of our experience, we can do so well-well enough to enable the Charleston and Graniteville factories to take the premiums offered at the recent Philadelphia Fair, for the best goods of the descriptions made by those factories respectively -what may we not expect when, by the more general introduction and judicious organization of slave labor, the best and cheapest factory labor in the world, we shall manifest the ability which belongs to us to manufacture cotton more cheaply than any other people. Slave labor may be used in the quarrying and working of granite as well as any other. It is a plain and simple business, almost entirely physical in its character, and requiring the exercise of but little intellect, except on the part of the overseers or directors of a quarry-who, of course, should be men of intelligence and inventive genius. Every quarry has its peculiarities, and in each particular instance, mechanical constructions and contrivances, adapted to the location, and often of novel character, will be required. With the aid of a very few experienced quarry laborers, (and these we presume may now be found in or about Columbia, as it is not entirely an unknown mystery there-the Charlotte Railroad Company having erected some of their small bridges near the town of quarried granite,) a competent foreman could drill a large force of white or black laborers in a very short time. Even the whiskeydrinking, potatoe-raising, charcoal burning Sand-hillers, have quite intellect enough for the delightful employment of hammering granite, and if in this way they can be induced to "do the State some service," it will be a matter of profound congratulation. Now let us see what our competitors can do in the way of freight, and how they are circumstanced with regard to quarry labor. Careful inquiry as to the cost of bringing granite to Charleston results in the belief, that the freight of it from Boston, or from the shipping point, (which at Quincy is nearer to the quarries than at any other locations we know of,) including the cost of cartage or truckage from the depot to the vessel, cannot be contracted for at less than $2 per ton.

This difference alone, of fifty cents per ton, would amount, in the quantity necessary for the new Custom House, to nearly or quite ten thousand dollars, whilst the additional expense of transportation from the Northern quarries to those points of shipment, would constitute in effect, by just so much as its amount, an additional bonus to the quarries here. The expense, to the Quincy quarriers, of delivering their stone on shipboard may be more nearly estimated when it is known that it must either be hauled on trucks, by teams of horses, a distance of seven miles to Boston, or be conveyed first by the railroad constructed there, for the purpose of conveying granite, a distance of two and a half miles, to the landing on Milton River, whence it must be carried on lighters a distance of about seven miles to the vessels in Boston harbor. It is now the practice at such of the Quincy quarries as are not owned by the proprietors of the railroad, to haul their granite to Boston on the common roads-the

use of the railroad being reserved by the owners of it for the requirements of their own quarries. It is possible, but barely so, and by no means probable, that the freight from some of the Northern shipping points can be had at less than $2.50 per ton; and we may safely venture to assert that under no circumstances can it be done for less than $2 per ton, which latter price will, as we have already intimated, probably be the maximum charge on our railroad for conveying it to the same point. In Massachusetts and the East generally, during a large portion of the year, the intense cold which prevails, and the deep snows which cover the earth, prevent altogether the out-door working of quarrymen, and even with the protection of sheds and enclosures, the pinching temperature incapacitates the workmen to do much more than half work. Here our delightful climate presents no such obstacles to out-door labor. We remark further, that even white laborers can be subsisted much better and cheaper at the South than in any of the granite-producing Northern states; also, that with a judicious combination of white and black operatives, we are independent of those strikes for higher wages, so common at the North, and which in many cases have been the ruin of large contractors. As to the time of sending our granite down, it may be arranged with reference to the convenience of the Company, and they will thus be enabled to employ their motive power with more regularity the year round, by freighting the stone when there is no press of cotton or other freight. Another item of comparison is found in the difference of cost of suitable sites for quarrying here and at the North. Eligible situations for this business readily command in the Northern states large sums-here immense beds of granite have yet to find purcha sers at any price; but we hope the time is at hand when, by the enterprise of some spirited citizen, your holders of granite domains will be waked up some fine morning with the announcement that their now useless possessions are eagerly sought after, and have at length found a place in the world's inventory of things valuable. Granite will find a considerable market in Charleston at all times. Store fronts of this material are now in common use, and are continually called for, besides lintels, door-sills, fence sills, posts, door-steps, et cetera, of which a large number may be sold. But to the Custom House we desire again to direct attention, presenting as it does a splendid opportunity of commencing the granite business. It will require an immense quantity of stone, and there will be a sufficient amount of profit, in prospective, to induce men of substance and capacity to embark in the business. In the private letter hereinbefore alluded to, we ventured the following assertions: "We want granite for the new Custom House-I suppose at least $200,000 worth. Here is a chance for some enterprising Richlander to make a fortune of at least $50,000, and still outbid the Northern contractors." These were made at a venture, and based only upon a vague idea of the extent and character of the building; but now, with more definite information before us, we proceed to demonstrate that those hasty guessES are singularly near the truth; at least we shall show this to be the case with regard to the quantity of stone, and we see no reason for abandoning the prediction of profit, provided the matter is taken in hand by energetic and competent persons. Just think of it-every square foot of granite worth almost half a dollar, in its rough state, after the comparatively trifling work of quarrying it! In our next and final letter, we shall estimate the probable extent of the new Custom House, as nearly as the information at present within our reach will permit an approximation to it.

10. INFLUENCE OF MANUFACTURES ON THE GROWTH OF CITIES.

CANNELTON, INDIANA.-We are indebted to Hamilton Smith, Esq., the distinguished manufacturer of the West, and the man who is doing more at this moment for advancing the manufacturing and general prosperity of this great region than perhaps any other in the nation, for a copy of his most elaborate pamphlet, prepared by request, upon the mineral, coal, and manufacturing facilities of Cannelton, Indiana. We have examined it with much interest, as many of the particulars included have from time to time been presented by the author through our Review, and as there are many more which are deserving of the widest circulation and study. The attention of capitalists in particular should be directed to this quarter, which promises them the most prolific returns. Extensive cotton factories are in construction, and the coal mines are in control of a company who solicit capital. The great mill of which a

wood-cut representation is given in the pamphlet is intended for 10,800 spindles and 372 looms; it is 287 feet long and 65 feet wide; towers 106 feet high. The attic (220 feet by 40 feet) is lighted by windows in the gable-ends. Corner-stone laid May 21, 1849.

"This town was first laid out in 1835, and settled by colliers under the supervision of Rhodes and McLane. In 1836 the American Cannel Coal Company was formed, which owes its origin to the late Gen. Seth Hunt, of New-Hampshire; a man whose intelligence was only equalled by the energy of his character, and who, in connection with Messrs. Hobart, Williams and Russell, then wealthy capitalists of Boston, purchased a large tract of land, consisting of about 7000 acres, and made several entries to the coal strata. The capital stock of this company is $500,000. From 400,000 to 500,000 bushels of coal are mined here per annum. The site of this town is on a bend of the Ohio, and embraces over 1000 acres between the river and the coal hills. The landing is very fine. The principal improvements and growth of Cannelton have taken place within the last twelve months. Its population is now somewhere between 1200 and 1500 persons.

"A large first class hotel, containing over seventy sleeping-rooms, is now being constructed, and will be ready for occupation by the last of May. Besides the saw and grist-mill of J. C. Porter & Co., referred to on the map, the cotton-mill company have already in operation a fine steam planing-mill, and connected with the same power, several circular saws, turning lathes, etc. The establishment of Mr. Z. W. Merrithew, for the manufacture of shaved shingles, is also worthy of notice. A short distance above Castlebury Creek, and upon the bank of the river, Messrs. Ross, Talbott & Co. are erecting a large saw and flouring-mill. Just below the mouth of Dozier Creek Mr. Thomas M. Smith is about building another saw-mill. A building has already been erected by Messrs. Smith & Badger for a foundry, but is not yet in operation. The tin, copper and sheet-iron establishment of J. S. Thayer & Brother is well known to the community. Recently our friend Beacon has commenced the manufacture of brick, and in a short time will be ready to fill all orders in this respect. We have some eight or ten stores of different kinds, and a full supply of professional gentlemen. We have bakers, butchers, shoemakers, tailors and milliners."

We take from the pamphlet the following statistical facts, showing the prodigious advances of manufacturing towns, which should furnish to the people of the South in particular the most salutary lessons. Let us take the old cities of Charleston and Savannah, and ask why they have so long been as it were stationary, while every thing around is in motion? By the introduction of an extensive system of manufactures, it would be easy to advance the population of these cities two-fold in a single decade. We believe their citizens are now beginning to perceive it.

"The causes of the growth of modern cities are the concentration, or assemblage in certain localities, of the materials, or the most useful materials, which afford labor for the hand of industry, and from the products of which the growing wants of mankind are supplied.

"To sustain this position we submit the following concise statements, showing the causes of the growth and progress of the several cities and towns respectively mentioned:

"Birmingham, England.-This city in 1801 had a population of 73,670, in 1831 of 146,986, in 1839 an estimated population of 190,000, and at the present time of probably not less than 250,000. Its opulence, celebrity and magnitude are ascribable to the iron, stone and coal with which the district abounds.

66

Bolton, England.-The rapid growth and prosperity of this town dates from 1770-'80. Its population in 1773 was 5,604; in 1801, 18,583; in 1811, 25,551; in 1821, 32,973; in 1831, 43,397. It is a seat of cotton manufacture, and the birthplace of Arkwright. Its growth is attributed to its command of coal, being situated. in a coal district.

"Bradford, England.-Township consists of 1,680 acres ; population in 1801, 6,393; in 1821, 13,064; in 1831, no less than 23,233, and since that period has increased still more rapidly. Its growth is owing to its manufactures, which are facilitated by its unlimited command of coal and its abundance of iron.

"Burnley, England.—Population in 1801, 3,305; in 1821, 6,378; in 1841,

54,192. A manufacturing town. Cause of growth, abundance and cheapness of coal found in the vicinity, with a good supply of free-stone, slate, etc. The town is built mostly of free-stone.

Po

"Bury, England.-A large manufacturing town, consisting of 4,360 acres. pulation in 1821, 13,480; in 1841, 77,496. In the parish of the same name, and which includes this town, are extensive quarries of building stone, and nine wrought coal mines.

Carlisle, England.-A manufacturing town, supplied with coal from places varying from twelve to twenty miles distant. Population in 1801, 10,221; in 1821,

15,486; in 1841, 36,084.

Charleroy. An important manufacturing town in Belgium, situated in the centre of the great coal basin of Charleroy. In 1836 it had seventy-two mines in active operation, producing 900,000 tons of coal per annum. Iron abounds, and also quarries of marble and slate. Its furnaces give employment to 3,000 men, and during the winter season 4,000 men are employed in making nails. Its coal, iron and ston⚫ have made it what it is.

"Derby, England.-A manufacturing town, with both water-power and coal. Population in 1841, 35,015; in 1811 it was only 13,043.

Durham, England.-In 1821 this city had a population of 10,282; in 1831, only 10,520. About this time extensive collieries were opened, and population immediately increased, so that in 1840 the number of its inhabitants was put down at 40,000. Previous to this it was one of the dullest cities in the kingdom. Stone, lime, coal and iron abound.

"Huddersfield, England.-The township consists of 3,950 acres, and had a population in 1801 of 7,268, in 1831 of 19,035. The population of the parish in 1840 was estimated at 40,000. It is one of the principal seats of the woollen manufacture, and stands in the midst of a rich coal field. There is also an ample supply of water-power.

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Johnston, Scotland.-The rise of this town has been more rapid than any other town in Scotland. The ground on which it stands began, for the first time, to be fued, or let, on building leases, in 171, when it contained only ten persons. Its population in 1840 is set down at 7,000. Its growth is owing to the introduction of manufactures, it being situated on a fine water-power. It has several foundries and machine-shops, and near the town are four collieries.

"Leeds, England.—A_celebrated manufacturing town, and the great centre of the woollen cloth trade. Population of the town in 1831, 71,602. Its eminence is owing partly to its advantageous situation in a fertile country, intersected with rivers, and partly to its possessing inexhaustible beds of coal.

Leigh, England.-A manufacturing town, with a population in 1841 of 22,229. In 1834, according to Mr. Baines, upwards of 8,000 persons were employed in spinning and weaving cotton and silk, both by hand and power looms. Its industry and growth is promoted by its abundance of coal and lime.

"Lowell, Massachusetts.-Population in 1820, 200; at the present time, 35,000. Cause of growth, its great water-power.

Lawrence, Massachusetts.-Present population, 7,500. Four or five years ago it was but a school district. Its water-wheels have graded streets, and lined these with splendid edifices on alluvial land so poor that it would not average a crop of 15

bushels of corn to the acre without artificial enrichment.

"Manchester, New-Hampshire, in 1835 was a small hamlet; in 1840 a few mills had increased its population to about 3,000; it is said to contain now about 17,000 souls. Although it is in a hilly and barren country, and receives its materials and sends its products over about sixty miles of rail-road, it is still growing with rapidity, because it has the motive-power of the Merrimac.

acres.

"Manchester, England.-The great centre of the cotton manufacture in Great Britain, and the principal manufacturing town in the world. Manchester and Salford are separated by the small river Irwell, and form one town, covering 3,000 The population of the town and suburbs, including Salford, in 1801, was 95,313; in 1831, 239,3-8; and in 1841 was estimated at 360,000. Manufacturing has made Manchester. The steam engine, with other improved machines for working up cotton, have made its manufactures, and the coal from the inexhastible coalfield, on the edge of which the city is situated, has fed the engine. Hence the modern growth of Manchester is ascribable to its coal.

'Merthyr Tydvil, S. Wales.-Population 27,460 in 1831; in 1841, 34,977. It

is remarkable for its iron works, and is wholly indebted for its prosperity to its rich mines of coal, iron ore and lime-stone. Towards the middle of the last century it was an insignificant village, and in 1755 the lands and mines for several miles around the village, the seat of the great works now erected, were let for ninety-nine years for £200 a year.

"Newcastle-upon-Tyne.—Population in 1831, 53,613; in 1841 estimated at 65,000. It owes its importance, if not its existence, to its convenient situation as a place of shipment for the coal wrought in its neighborhood.

"Pittsburg, Pennsylvania.-The population of Pittsburg for each decennary period from 1800 was 1,565, 4,768, 7,248, 12,542, 21,115. With its dependences it has a present population of about 100,000; and although it has lost the greater part of its transportation and commercial business, it is now growing more rapidly than ever. The copper ore of Lake Superior, the lead of Illinois, the wheat of Michigan, the cotton of Tennessee, and even the iron and sand of Missouri, are transported to and combined by the power that lies in the Pittsburg coal.

"Oldham, England.-A large manufacturing town, chiefly cotton. Population in 1841, 42,595. In 1760 it comprised only about sixty thatched tenements. In 1839 it had two hundred manufactories, set in motion by a steam-power equal to 2,942 horses, and employing 15,391 hands. It has an abundant and immediate supply of excellent coal.

64 Rochester, New-York.-Population in 1820, 1,502; in 1830, 9,269; in 1840, 20,191. It owes its great advantages and rapid growth to its vast water-power, created by the falls in the Genesee river.

"Sheffield, England.-Noted for its hardware, cutlery, etc. Population of the parish in 1801, 45,755; in 1831, 91,692; and in 1841, 110,801. Its manufactures are extensive, and known the world over. Coal and iron have made the city.

"Wolverhampton, England. This town, or rather the district including the town, comprises 16,630 acres. Its population in 1831 was 67,514. In 1841 the popula tion of the town alone was 36,189. Wolverhampton, and the places in its vicinity, owe their rapid rise to the mines of coal and iron-stone.

"Other illustrations, such as Pottsville, Cumberland, Wheeling, Pomeroy, etc., might be adduced, but those already given are believed to be sufficient to indicate the tendency of men at the present time to cluster around and to build their homes in such localities as afford them the great staples and materials upon which they may bestow their labor, and for which they may receive the largest rates of compensation." Cannelton Economist.

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE.

SOUTHERN COMMERCE AS INFLUENCED BY THE GULF STREAM.

Ar a late meeting of the Scientific Association, held at Charleston, S. C., Lieut. Maury read a paper upon the influences the discovery of the Gulf Stream has had upon the commerce of that city, which is so able and interesting, that we need no apology in presenting it to our readers.

"Lieut. Maury said, that before the Gulf Stream was known to practical navigators, the course of trade between England and America was such, as to make Charleston the half-way house between the mother country and the New England States, including Pennsylvania and New-York.

"At that time, the usual route of vessels bound to America was to run down on the other side towards the Cape de Verdes, and until they got the N. E. trades, and with them to steer for America. This route brought them upon the coast of the Southern States, where their first landfall was generally made. Then steering to the northward, they drifted along until they made the Capes of the Delaware, or other headlands to the North.

"If now, as it often happened in the winter season, they were driven off the coast