9. We speak that we do know, and testify that we have

seen.

10. There is nothing places religion in so disadvantageous a view.

11. There is among the people of all countries and all religions a belief of immortality, arising from the natural desire of living, and strengthened by uniform tradition, which has certainly some influence upon practice, and some effect in fortifying the soul against the terrors of death.

12. Howbeit, when the Spirit of Truth is come, He will guide you into all truth.

13. Some of the most sacred festivals in the Roman ritual were destined to salute the new kalends of January with vows of public and private felicity, to indulge the pious remembrance of the dead and living.

14. How do your pulse beat?

15. This dedication may serve for almost any book that has, is, or shall be published.

16. Her price is paid, and she is sold like thou.

17. No one mess-mate round the table was than him more fraught with manliness and beauty.

18. In his days Pharaoh-Necho, king of Egypt, went up against the King of Assyria, to the River Euphrates, and King Josiah went against him, and he slew him at Megiddo, when he had seen him.-Ambiguous Syntax. To whom does he refer?

19. Yet you, my Creator, detest and spurn me, thy creat ure, to whom Thou art bound by ties only dissoluble by the annihilation of one of us.-Frankenstein.

20. Jeoparded their lives unto the death.

21. They lie in the Hell like sheep.

22. The boy was sprung to manhood.-W. SCOTT. 23. Although the conciliating the Liberalists and paralyzing the Royalists occupied considerable time, he was never for an instant diverted from his purpose.-W. SCOTT. This use of the participle is not destitute of authority. What form, however, is preferable?

24. It was Dunois, the young and brave, was bound for Palestine.-W. SCOTT. Of what is there an Ellipsis here?

A

His oath of honor on the shrine, he graved it with his sword.-W. SCOTT. What is the pleonasm here? 25. Courtesy itself must convert to disdain if you come in her presence.

26. The buckler was of an oblong and concave figure, four feet in length, and two and a half in breadth, framed of light wood, and covered with a bull's hide, and strongly guarded with plates of brass.-GIBBON.

27. Gentle reader, let you and I, in like manner, endeavor to improve the inclosure.-SOUTHEY.

When all slept sound save she who bore them both.-Frankenstein. 29. The philosopher who has spent a lifetime in laborious but fruitless inquiry, does not enjoy the same reputation as him who, with less labor, and possibly less talent, has added something to the catalogue of discovery.

30. It is not fit for such as us to sit with the rulers of the land.-SCOTT's Ivanhoe.

CHAPTER XI.

PARSING.

§ 588. PARSING is resolving a sentence into its elements. These elements are of various classes. Thus, there are elementary sounds, or Phonetic elements; there are elementary signs of these sounds, or Orthographic elements; there are Etymological elements; there are Syntactical elements. Now a sentence may be analyzed in reference to either of these classes. The word Parsing is generally used in reference to its application to Etymology and Syntax. Etymological parsing describes words according to their classification, formation, and derivation, in conformity with the doctrines exhibited in Part IV. Syntactical parsing shows what are the laws of their arrangement in sentences, in conformity with the doctrines exhibited in Part V.

Оо

EXAMPLES OF PARSING,

§ 589. 1. "Virtue rewards her followers."
Which is the Subject? (Virtue.) Is it modified? (No.)
Which is the Predicate? (Rewards.)

Which is the Object? (Followers.)

VIRTUE is a common abstract Noun, from the Latin virtus. It is of the Third Person, Singular Number, usually of the Neuter Gender, but here Personified in the Feminine Gender. It is both the Grammatical Subject and the Logical of the verb rewards; is in the nominative case. (Give the rule 1)

REWARDS is a verb of the weak conjugation (conjugate the verb), from the French reguerdon, in the Active voice, Indic ative Mode, Present Tense, Third person, singular number, and agrees with its nominative virtue. (Repeat the rule, 33.)

HER is a Personal Pronoun (Anglo-Saxon hire), in the Genitive case, and limits followers. (Repeat the rule, 2.)

FOLLOWERS. A common noun (correlative with leaders), from the Anglo-Saxon verb folgian, in the Third Person, Singular Number, Neuter Gender, and governed by the Transi tive verb rewards. (Repeat the rule, 39.)

2. "He labored faithfully in the cause, but was unsuc cessful."

How many sentences are here? (Two co-ordinate sentences.)

Which is the subject of the first sentence? (He.)
Which is the predicate? (Labored.)

Is the predicate modified? (Yes, by faithfully in the cause.)

Which is the subject of the second sentence? (He, derstood.)

un

Which is the predicate of the second sentence? (Unsuc▪ cessful.)

Are either the subject or the predicate in the second sentence modified? (No.)

HE (Anglo-Saxon he) is a Personal pronoun, of the Third Person, Masculine Gender (Decline he), of the singular number, in the nominative case.

LABORED is a verb, from the Latin laboro, of the weak

Lo ve the to

the

conjugation (conjugate it), in the active voice, Indicative. Mode, Past Tense, Third person, singular number, and agrees with its subject he. (Give the rule, 33.)

FAITHFULLY is an adverb, from the Adjective faithful, and enters into combination with the verb labored. (Give the rule, 51.)

IN is a preposition, showing the relation between cause and labored. (Give the rule, 52.)

THE is the Definite Article, and defines cause. rule, 14.)

(Give the CAUSE is a Common noun, from the Latin causa, of the Third Person, singular number, neuter gender, in the objective case, and governed by in. (Give the rule, 52.)

PROMISCUOUS EXAMPLES IN CORRECT SYNTAX.

§ 590. The LEARNER is expected to PARSE all or a part of the following examples, and particularly to give the rules for the words in Italics:

1. "His power and the number of his adherents declining daily, he consented to a partition of the kingdom."-North American Review.,

2. "The fire-places were of a truly patriarchal magnitude, where the whole family, old and young, master and servant, black and white, nay, even the very cat and dog, enjoyed a community of privilege, and had each a prescriptive right to a corner."-W. IRVING.

3. "At these primitive tea-parties the utmost propriety and dignity of deportment prevailed: no flirting nor coquetting; no gambling of old ladies, nor hoyden chattering and romping of young ones; no self-satisfied struttings of wealthy gentlemen with their brains in their pockets, nor amusing concerts and monkey divertisements of smart young gentlemen with no brains at all."-W. IRVING.

4. "On, then, all Frenchmen that have hearts in their bodies!"-CARLISLE.

5. "The Bastile is still to take: to be taken."

6. "Oh! that I could but baptize every heart with the sympathetic feeling of what the city-pent child is condemned to lose; how blank, and poor, and joyless must be the images

which fill its infant bosom to that of the country one, whose mind

"Will be a mansion for all lovely forms,

His memory be a dwelling-place

For all sweet sounds and harmonies."-W. HOWITT.

To that is an idiomatic expression occasionally met with, but it should not be encouraged. By filling out the ellipsis we get the more correct expression.

7. "All morning since nine there has been a cry, To the Bastile !"-Carlisle. How do you parse to the Bastile?

8. "Bethink thee, William, of thy fault,

Thy pledge and broken oath ;

And give me back my maiden-vow,

And give me back my troth."-Mallet.

9. "With a callous heart there can be no genius in the imagination or wisdom in the mind; and therefore the prayer, with equal truth and sublimity, says, 'Incline your hearts unto wisdom.' Resolute thoughts find words for themselves, and make their own vehicle. Impression and expression are relative ideas. He who feels deeply will express strongly. The language of slight sensations is naturally feeble and superficial."-PHILIP FRANCIS. No and or are substituted for neither and nor.

10. "I must not close my letter without giving you one principal event of my history, which was, that (in the course of my late tour) I set out one morning before five o'clock, the moon shining through a dark and misty autumnal air, and got to the sea-coast time enough to be at the sun's levee. I saw the clouds and dark vapors open gradually to the right and left, rolling over one another in great smoky wreaths, and the tide (as it flowed gently in upon the sands) first whitening, then slightly tinged with gold and blue; and all at once a little line of insufferable brightness, that (before I can write these five words) was grown to half an orb, and now to a whole one too glorious to be distinctly seen. It is very odd it makes no figure on paper; yet I shall remember it as long as the sun, or, at least, as long as I shall endure. I wonder whether any body ever saw it before? I hardly believe it." GRAY.