German. The oldest German translation was printed at Nürnberg by Fricz Creussner. Its title is as

follows

Hie hebt sich an das Puch des edeln Ritters vñ Landtfarers Marcho Polo. In dem er schreibt die grossen wunderlichen Ding dieser Welt. Sunderlichen von den grossen Künigen vnd Keysern die da herschen in den selbigen landen, vnd von irem volck vnd seiner gewonheit da selbs. Disz hat gedruckt Fricz Creüszner zu Nurmberg Nach cristi gepurdt Tausent vierhundert vñ im sibenvñsibenczigtn iar (1477); fol.

First edition, of extreme rarity, in the Grenville Library. The following note is in Mr. Grenville's handwriting: "The volume agrees with Dr. Dibdin's description of Lord Spencer's copy (see Bibl. Spenc., vol. vi, p. 176), having fifty-seven leaves of text; but the wood-cut, representing a full length figure of Marco Polo on the reverse of the first leaf, is supplied in this copy by an admirable fac-simile. The present is a very fine rubricated copy. When Mr. Marsden published his translation of this work, the only known copy of this first German edition was in the Imperial Library at Vienna, and I had a literal transcript made from it: since that time a second copy was found, and sold by Payne and Foss to Lord Spencer: and now I have purchased from Leipsic the present beautiful copy. I know of no fourth copy. The copy at Vienna wants the portrait."

See also respecting this edition, Panzer's "Annalen der älterem deutschen Litteratur," i, 99-100.

A reprint of this German translation appeared at Augsburg, 1481, by Anthonius Sorg, in the "Historia von Hertzog Leuppold und sein Sohn Wilhelm, von Osterreich," in fol.

Another version by Mich. Herr, appeared in the German translation of the "Novus orbis regionum" of Simon Grynæus, etc. Strassburg, 1534; fol. A version equally distinct from the other was made from the Italian of Ramusio, and entitled as follows

Marcus Polus; wahrhafte Beschreybung seiner wunderlichen Reise in die Tartarey, zu dem grossen Can von Chatai verrichtet. Aus dem Italiänischen verteutscht durch Hieron. Megiserum. Leipzig, 1609, 8vo; 1611, 8vo.

Marco Polo's Reise in den Orient während der Jahre 1272 bis 1295, in's Deutsche übersetzt nach den besten Ausgaben des Originals und mit einem Commentare begleitet von Felix Peregrin. Ronneburg und Leipzig, 1802, 8vo.

Portuguese. Marco Paulo de Veneza das condições e custumes das gentes e das terras e provincias orientaes. Ho livro de Nycolao Veneto [Niccolò di Conti]. O trañado da carta de hull genoves das ditas terras. Imprimido per Valentym Fernandez Alemaão. Lyxboa, 1502; fol.

This is a translation from Pipino's Latin version.

Spanish. Libro del famoso Marco Paulo Venetiano de las cosas marvillosas que vido en las partes orientales, conviene saber, en las Indias, Armenia, Arabia, Persia, e Tartaria, e del poder del Gran Can, y otras reys; con otro tratado de Micer Poggio Florentino e trata de las mesmas tierras y islas. Traducido por Rodriquez (Arcediano), canonico de Sevilla. Sevilla, 1520, fol. ; and Logrono, 1529, fol.

Historia da las gradezas y cosas maravillosas de las pro

vincias orientales, sacada de Marco Polo Veneto, y traduzida de Latin en Romance, y añadida en muchas partes, por D. Martin Abarca de Bolea y Castro. En Zaragoça por Angelo Tauano, 1601, 8vo.

English. The most noble and famous travels of Marcus Paulus, one of the nobilitie of the State of Venice, in the east partes of the world, as Armenia, Persia, Arabia, Tartary, with many other kingdoms and provinces. No lesse pleasant than profitable, as appeareth by the table or contents of this booke. Most necessary for all sortes of persons, and especially for travellers. Translated into English (by John Frampton). London, 1579; 4to.

A translation by Samuel Purchas, in his "Pilgrimes," from the text of Ramusio.

Another, in the "Bibliotheca Navigantium" of Harris, likewise from the text of Ramusio.

We have next to quote the excellent and well known edition of Mr. Marsden, likewise translated from Ramusio, entitled

The travels of Marco Polo, a Venetian, in the thirteenth century. Being a description, by that early traveller, of remarkable places and things in the eastern parts of the world. Translated from the Italian, with notes, by William Marsden, F.R.S., etc. With a map. London, 1818, 4to.

And finally, an edition entitled-

The Travels of Marco Polo, greatly amended and enlarged from valuable early manuscripts, recently published by the French Society of Geography, and in Italy by Count Baldelli Boni. With copious notes, illustrating the routes and observations of the author, and comparing them with those of more recent travellers. By Hugh Murray, F.R.S.E. Two maps and a vignette. New York, 1845; small 8vo.

Dutch. Translated from the Latin edition of R. Reineccius, under the title

Marcus Paulus Venetus: Reisen en Beschryving der Oostersche Lantschappen, etc. Beneffens de Historie der Oostersche Lantschappen door Haithon van Armenien te zamen gestelt. Door J. H. Glazemaker. Amsterdam, 1664, 4to.

French. We have already spoken of the very ancient French translation of Thybault de Cepoy.

A translation of the Latin text in the "Novus Orbis," was published anonymously at Paris. 1556, 4to.; with the title

La Description géographique des provinces et des villes les plus fameuses de l'Inde Orientale, avec les mœurs, loix, et coutumes des habitans d'icelles, mesmement de ce qui est soubz la domination du grand Cham, empereur des Tartares. Par Marc Paule, gentilhomne Vénitien, et nouvellement reduict en vulgaire François. Paris, 1556, 4to.

Les Voyages très-curieux et fort remarquables achevés par toute l'Asie, Tartarie, Mangi, Japon, les Indes Orientales, Iles adjacentes, et l'Afrique, commencés l'an 1252. Par Marc Paul, Vénitien, Historien recommandable par sa fidélité. Qui contiennent une relation très-exacte des Païs Orientaux. Dans laquelle il décrit très-exactement plusieurs païs et villes, les quels lui-même a voiagés et vus la pluspart: et où il nous enseigne brièvement les mœurs et coutumes de ces peuples, avant ce temps là inconnus aux Européens ; Comme aussi l'origine de la puissance des Tartares, quand à leurs conquêtes de plusieurs Etats au Païs dans la Chine; ici clairement proposée et expliquée. Le tout divisé en III Livres; conféré avec un manuscrit de la Bibliothèque de S. A. E. de Brandebourg, et enrichi de plusieurs notes et additions tirées du dit manuscrit, de l'édition de Ramuzio, de celle de Purchas, et de celle de Vitriaire.

In Bergeron's Collection, à la Haye, 1735; 4to.

Detailed accounts of Marco Polo will be found in the following works

Sur la chorographie de Marc Paul, Vénitien. Preface d'André Müller Greiffenhag. Bergeron's Voyages, vol. ii. Témoignages et jugemens de plusieurs savans touchant la relation de Marc Paul, Vénitien, entre lesquels ils s'en trouvent quelques uns qui contredisent à ces Relations, mais dont la pluspart sont favorables et très dignes de Foi. Bergeron, vol. ii, p. 26.

Terrarossa Riflessioni Geografiche circa le Terre incognite. Padova, 1687, 4to. Treats chiefly of Marco Polo.

Ab. Renaudot des anciennes Relations des Indes et de la Chine, de deux Voyageurs Mahométans qui y allèrent dans le IX siècle, trad. de l'arabe avec des remarques. Paris, 1718, 8vo.

The following works may also be quoted :

Murray's Discoveries and Travels in Asia, vol. i, pp. 151-182.

Tiraboschi Storia della Letteratura Italiana. Defends Marco Polo especially from the charges of error brought against him.

Saggi di Studj Veneti, di Toaldo. Venez., 1782, 8vo. Contains, among other things, an Elogio de' Poli.

Dissertazione intorno ad alcuni Viaggiatori eruditi Veneziani poco noti; dal Abbate Morelli. Venezia, 1803; 4to.

Vita di Marco Polo. In the Collezzione di Vite e Ritratti d'illustri Italiani, da Bottoni. Padova, 1816; 8vo.

Notice sur la rélation originale de Marc Pol, par PaulinParis. Paris, 1823, 8vo.

Vies de plusieurs personnages célèbres des temps anciens