of Federalist politicians over the distribution of commissions. In the midst of these military preparations he was struck down by sudden illness, which lasted but for a day, and died at Mount Vernon on the 14th of December 1799. His disorder was an oedematous affection of the wind-pipe, contracted by exposure during a long ride in a snowstorm, and aggravated by neglect and by such contemporary remedies as bleeding, gargles of “molasses, vinegar and butter" and "vinegar and sage tea," which "almost suffocated him," and a blister of cantharides on the throat. He died as simply as he had lived; his last words were only business directions, affectionate remembrances to relatives, and repeated apologies to the physicians and attendants for the trouble he was giving them. Just before he died, says his secretary, Tobias Lear, he felt his own pulse; his countenance changed; the attending physician placed his hands over the eyes of the dying man, "and he expired without a struggle or a sigh." The third of the series of resolutions introduced in the House of Representatives five days after his death, by John Marshall of Virginia, later chief-justice of the Supreme Court, states exactly, if somewhat rhetorically, the position of Washingtion in American history: “ first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." His will contained a provision freeing his slaves, and a request that no oration be pronounced at his funeral. His remains rest in the family vault at Mount Vernon (q.v.), which since 1860 has been held by an association, practically as national property.

It would be a great mistake to suppose, however, that the | France, and was fretted almost beyond endurance by the quarrels influence of the president was fairly appreciated during his term of office, or that he himself was uniformly respected. Washington seems never to have understood fully either the nature, the significance, or the inevitable necessity of party government in a republic. Instead, he attempted to balance party against party, selected representatives of opposing political views to serve in his first cabinet, and sought in that way to neutralize the effects of parties. The consequence was that the two leading members of the cabinet, Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson, exponents for the most part of diametrically opposite political doctrines, soon occupied the position, to use the words of one of them, of "two game-cocks in a pit." The unconscious drift of Washington's mind was toward the Federalist party; his letters to La Fayette and to Patrick Henry, in December 1798 and January 1799, make that evident even without the record of his earlier career as president. It is inconceivable that, to a man with his type of mind and his extraordinary experience, the practical sagacity, farsightedness and aggressive courage of the Federalists should not have seemed to embody the best political wisdom, however little he may have been disposed to ally himself with any party group or subscribe to any comprehensive creed. Accordingly, when the DemocraticRepublican party came to be formed, about 1793, it was not to be expected that its leaders would long submit with patience to the continual interposition of Washington's name and influence between themselves and their opponents; but they maintained a calm exterior. Some of their followers were less discreet. The president's proclamation of neutrality, in the war between England and France, excited them to anger; his support of Jay's treaty with Great Britain roused them to fury. His firmness in thwarting the activities of Edmond Charles Edouard Genet, minister from France, alienated the partisans of France; his suppression of the "Whisky Insurrection " aroused in some the fear of a military despotism. Forged letters, purporting to show his desire to abandon the revolutionary struggle, were published; he was accused of drawing more than his salary; his manners were ridiculed as "aping monarchy "; hints of the propriety of a guillotine for his benefit began to appear; he was spoken of as the " stepfather of his country." The brutal attacks, exceeding in virulence anything that would be tolerated to-day, embittered his presidency, especially during his second term: in 1793 he is reported to have declared, in a cabinet meeting, that "he would rather be in his grave than in his present situation," and that "he had never repented but once the having slipped the moment of resigning his office, and that was every moment since." The most unpleasant portions of Jefferson's Anas are those in which, with an air of psychological dissection, he details the storms of passion into which the president was driven by the newspaper attacks upon him. There is no reason to believe, however, that these attacks represented the feeling of any save a small minority of the politicians; the people never wavered in their devotion to the president, and his election would have been unanimous in 1796, as in 1792 and 1789, had be been willing to serve.

He retired from the presidency in 1797,1 and returned to Mount Vernon, his journey thither being marked by popular demonstrations of affection and esteem. At Mount Vernon, which had suffered from neglect during his absence, he resumed the plantation life which he loved, the society of his family, and the care of his slaves. He had resolved some time before never to obtain another slave, and "wished from his soul" that Virginia could be persuaded to abolish slavery; "it might prevent much future mischief"; but the unprecedented profitableness of the cotton industry, under the impetus of the recently invented cotton gin, had already begun to change public sentiment regarding slavery, and Washington was too old to attempt further innovations. Visitors continued to flock to him, and his correspondence, as always, took a wide range. In 1798 he was made commanderin-chief of the provisional army raised in anticipation of war with 1 He had previously, under date of the 17th of September 1796, issued a notable "Farewell Address" to the American people.

All contemporary accounts agree that Washington was of imposing presence. He measured just 6 ft. when prepared for burial; but his height in his prime, as given in his orders for clothes from London, was 3 in. more. La Fayette says that his hands were "the largest he ever saw on a man." Custis says that his complexion was "fair, but considerably florid." His weight was about 220 lb. Evidently it was his extraordinary dignity and poise, forbidding even the suggestion of familiarity, quite as much as his stature, that impressed those who knew him. The various and widely-differing portraits of him find exhaustive treatment in the seventh volume of Justin Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America. Winsor thinks that "the favourite profile has been unquestionably Houdon's, with Gilbert Stuart's canvas for the full face, and probably John Trumbull's for the figure." Stuart's face, however with its calm and benign expression, has fixed the popular notion of Washington.

Washington was childless: the people of his time said he was the father only of his country. Collateral branches of the family have given the Lees, the Custises, and other families a claim to an infusion of the blood.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.-A complete bibliography of books relating to Washington would be very voluminous. The best edition of his Writings is that of W. C. Ford (14 vols., New York, 1889-1893). Sparks's edition (12 vols., Boston, 1837) has in the main been superseded, though it contains some papers not included by Ford, and the Messages and Papers of the Presidents (vol. i., Washington, 1896) Life, which comprises vol. i., still has value. J. D. Richardson's collects the presidential messages and proclamations, with a few omissions. A descriptive list of biographies and biographical sketches is given in W. S. Baker's Bibliotheca Washingtoniana (Philadelphia, 1889). The most important lives are those of John Marshall (Philadelphia, 1804-1807), David Ramsay (New York, 1807), Washington Irving (New York, 1855-1859), E. E. Hale (New York, 1888), H. C. Lodge (Boston, 1889; rev. ed., 1898), B. T. Thayer (New York, 1894) and Woodrow Wilson (New York, 1897). Valuable for their presentation of differing aspects of Washington's career are: W. S. Baker's Itinerary of Washington (Philadelphia, 1892), H. B. Carrington's Washington the Soldier (New York, 1899), G. W. P. Custis's Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington (New York, 1860), P. L. Ford's True George Washington (Phila• delphia 1857). The larger comprehensive histories of the United delphia, 1896) and R. Rush's Washington in Domestic Life (Phila States by Bancroft, Hildreth, Winsor, McMaster, Von Holst, Schouler and Avery, the biographies in the "American Statesmen and Hart's "American Nation" series, are indispensable. There is an interesting attempt to make a composite portrait of Washington in Science (December 11, 1885). (W.MACD.)

2 This characterization originated with Henry Lee.

"

scries,

3

"Surrender of

WASHINGTON, a city and the capital of the United States | District, and including both banks of Rock Creek, with its wild of America, coterminous with the District of Columbia, on the and picturesque beauty, is a tract of 1600 acres, known as Rock Climate-The climate of Washington is characterized by great north-east bank of the Potomac river at the head of tide and Creek Park. navigation, 40 m. S.W. of Baltimore, 135 m. S. W. of Philadelphia, and mild winters. During a period of thirty-three years ending and 225 m. S.W. of New York. Area, 60 sq. m. (exclusive of humidity, long-continued and somewhat oppressive heat in summer, 10 sq. m. of water surface). Pop. (1890) 230,392; (1900) December 1903 the mean winter temperature (December, January and February) was 35° F. and the mean summer temperature (June. Extremes ranged, how 278,718, of whom 20,119 were foreign-born and 87,186 were and the mean of the summer maxima 85° negroes; (1910) 331,069. The city proper covers only about July and August) 75°: the mean of the winter minima was 27°. 10 sq. m. lying between the Anacostia river and Rock Creek, ever, from an absolute maximum of 104° to an absolute minimum of -15°. There is an average annual precipitation of 43.1 in., Although and rising from the low bank of the Potomac, which is here which is quite evenly distributed throughout the year snowstorms are infrequent and snow never lies long on the ground, nearly 1 m. wide; above are encircling hills and a broken plateau, which rise to a maximum height of 420 ft. and contain Buildings. In a dignified landscape setting on the brow of a hill the former city of Georgetown, the villages of Anacostia, the average fall of snow for the year amounts to 22.5 in. that is itself nearly 100 ft. above the Potomac stands the Capitol' Brightwood, Tennallytown, and other suburban districts. Streets and Parks.-The original plan of the city, which was (built 1793-1827. architect, William Thornton (d. 1827), super Its prepared by Major Pierre Charles L'Enfant (1755-1825), under intendent of the Patent Office, whose designs were modified by 1865). It consists of a central building of Virginia sandstone, the supervision of President Washington and Thomas Jefferson, B. H. Latrobe and Charles Bulfinch, wings and dome added 1851was a masterpiece in landscape architecture and in the main painted white, and two wings of white Massachusetts marble it has been preserved. Besides streets running east and west, length is 751 ft., and its breadth ranges in different parts from 121 to 324 ft The main building is surmounted with an iron dome. which are named by the letters of the alphabet, and streets and on the dome is a statue of Liberty (1863. 19 ft high) by running north and south, which are numbered, there are avenues designed by Thomas Ustic Walter, which rises to a height of 268) it. named for various states, which radiate from two foci-the Thomas Crawford. The Capitol faces east, and on this side is a richly Capitol and the White House or traverse the city without any sculptured portico with Corinthian columns leading to the rotunda The fixed plan. North and south of the Capitol they are numbered; under the dome, a sculptured Corinthian portico leading to the leading to the Hall of Representatives in the south wing, there is east and west from it streets are lettered, but streets are dis- Senate Chamber in the north wing, and a plain Corinthian portico tinguished by annexing to the name or letter the name of the also a portico at each end and on the west side of each wing (1492), by John Landing of Columbus (1541), by quarter: N.W., S.W., N.E. or S.E.-the city is divided into rotunda, 96 ft. in diameter and 180 ft. high, is decorated with eight "De Soto discovering the Mississippi (1613), by John these four parts by North Capitol, East Capitol and South historical paintings: William Henry Powell; " Baptism of Pocahontas Capitol streets, which intersect at the Capitol. The width of the Vanderlyn; avenues is from 120 to 160 ft. and the width of the streets from Gadsby Chapman; "Embarkation of the Pilgrims from Delft (1776), by John Trumbull, 80 to 120 ft. More than one-half the area of the city is comprised Haven" (1620), by Robert Walter Weir, "Signing the Declaration in its streets, avenues and public parks. Among the principal of Independence (1781), by Trumbull, and "Washington wallis at Yorktown residence streets are Massachusetts, especially between Dupont Burgoyne at Saratoga "(1777), by Trumbull, "Surrender of Corn and Sheridan circles, New Hampshire, Connecticut and Vermont resigning his Commission at Annapolis (1783). by Trumbull of her chosen Avenues and 16th Street, all in the N W. quarter of the city. Between the rotunda and the Hall of Representatives is the National The principal business streets are Pennsylvania Avenue (especi-Hall of Statuary (formerly the Hall of Representatives), in which and between the rotunda and the Senate Chamber is the ally between the Capitol and the White House) and 7th, 9th, 14th each state in the Union may erect statues of two room of the Supreme Court, which until 1859 was the Senate and F streets. Streets and avenues for the most part are paved The Executive Mansion, more commonly called the White House, with a smooth asphalt pavement, and many of them have Chamber the official residence of the president, is a two-storey building of two and occasionally four rows of overarching shade trees and private lawns on either side. At nearly every intersection of two It is 170 ft long and 86 ft deep It is avenues is a circle or square in which is the statue of some notable Virginia freestone, painted white since 1814 to hide the marks of by the British in that year American whose name the square bears. At the intersection fire only the walls were left standing after the capture of the city of a street with an avenue there is usually the reservation of a simple but dignified, the principal exterior ornaments are an lonie from designs by James Hoban, who closely followed the plans of the small triangular grass plot at least. In L'Enfant's plan a park portico and a balustrade The White House was built in 1792-1799 seats of the dukes of Leinster, near Dublin, and in 1902-1903, when new executive offices and a cabinet room were built and were con or mall was to extend from the Capitol to the White House East of the White House Instead of this the mall extends from the Capitol to Washington Monument, which stands near the intersection of lines west from nected with the White House by an esplanade, many of the original In 1901, however, features of Hoban's plan were restored. the Capitol and south from the White House. the departmental buildings, the Treasury Building (architect, a commission (Daniel Hudson Burnham, C. F. McKim, Augustus and obstructing the view from it to the Capitol stands the oldest of St Gaudens and F. L. Olmsted, Jr.) was appointed by authority Robert Mills (1781-1855), then US architect), an imposing edifice is a colonnade of thirty-eight lonic columns, and on each of the On the opposite side of the of the United States Senate to prepare plans for the beautifi- mainly of granite, 510 ft. long and 280 ft. wide, on the east front other three sides is an Ionic portico cation of the city and this body, seeking in the main to return to White House is a massive granite building of the State, War and L'Enfant's plan, has submitted a design for a park-like treatment of the entire district between Pennsylvania and Maryland Navy Departments, 567 ft. long and 342 ft. wide The Library of south-east of the Capitol, was designed by Smithmeyer & Pelz, avenues from the Capitol to the White House and between lower Congress (1889-1897. cost, exclusive of site, over $6,000,000). New York Avenue and the Potomac, with an elm-shaded mall the architect; it is in the Italian Renaissance style, is 340 by 470 ft. 300 ft. wide bisecting the park from the Capitol to the Monument, and the designs were modified by Edward Pearce Casey (b 1864), and encloses four courts and a central rotunda surmounted by a flat black copper dome, with gilded panels and a lantern. The exterior with a group of official and scientific buildings fronting the mall on either side, with a group of municipal buildings between the mall and Pennsylvania Avenue, and with a Lincoln memorial walls are of white New Hampshire granite, and the walls of the on the bank of the Potomac. Potomac Park (740 acres), a portion of which is embraced in this design, has already been reclaimed from the Potomac river. On Rock Creek, above Georgetown, is the National Zoological Park (under the control of the Smithsonian Institution), embracing 170 acres in a picturesque site. North of this and extending to the boundary of the 1 The actual surveying and laying out of the city was done by Andrew Ellicott (1754-1820), a civil engineer, who had been employed in many boundary disputes, who became surveyor-general of the United States in 1792, and from 1812 until his death was professor of mathematics at the United States Military Academy at West Point.

sons

* See Glenn Brown, The History of the Umted States Capitol (2 vols., 1900-1903).

The allegorical decorations here are by Persico and Horatio who designed the bronze doors at the entrances to the Senate and At the west entrance are Greenough, those on the Senate portico are by Thomas Crawford, (1858, modelled by Randolph Rogers) House wings. At the east door of the rotunda is the bronze door Connected with the Capitol by subways, immediately SE and elaborate bronze doors (1910) by Louis Amateis (b 1855) NE of the Capitol respectively, are the marble office buildings Capitol is connected by subways with the Library of Congress also. (1908) of the House of Representatives and of the Senate

The

interior courts are of Maryland granite and white enamelled bricks. There are numerous sculptural adornments without and there is elaborate interior decoration with paintings, sculpture, coloured marbles and gilding. Two squares north of the Senate officebuilding is the Union Railway Station (1908; 343 by 760 ft.; cost, $4,000,000), designed by Daniel Hudson Burnham, consisting of a main building of white granite (from Bethel, Vermont) and two wings, and facing a beautiful plaza. On Pennsylvania Avenue, nearly midway between the Capitol and the White House, is the nine-storey Post Office (1899; with a tower 300 ft. high), housing the United States Post Office Department and the City Post Office. A few squares north-west of it are the General Land Office, the headquarters of the Department of the Interior (commonly called the Patent Office), with Doric portico; the Pension Office, in which the Inauguration Ball is held on the evening of each president's taking office; the Government Printing Office (twelve storeys-one of the few tall office-buildings in the city); the City Hall, or District Court House; and the District Building (1908), another building of the local government. On the heights north of Georgetown is the United States Naval Observatory, one of the best-equipped institutions of the kind; from it Washington time is telegraphed daily to all parts of the United States. Near Rock Creek, west of Georgetown, is the Signal Office and headquarters of the United States Weather Bureau. In the Mall are the building of the Department of Agriculture, the Smithsonian Institution (q.v.), the National Museum (1910), the Army Medical Museum and the Bureau of Fisheries, and here a building for the Department of Justice is to be erected. Facing the Mall on the south is the home of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, in which the United States paper money and postage stamps are made. Not far from the White House is the Corcoran Gallery of Art (1894-1897; architect, Ernest Flagg), of white Georgia marble in a Neo-Grecian style, housing a collection of paintings (especially American portraits) and statuary; the gallery was founded and endowed in 1869 by William Wilson CorCoran (1798-1888) "for the perpetual establishment and encouragement of the Fine Arts." The Public Library, a gift of Andrew Carnegie, is a white marble building in the Mount Vernon Square, at the intersection of Massachusetts and New York avenues. A prominent building, erected with money given mainly by Mr Carnegie, is that of the Pan-American Union (formerly Bureau of American Republics). The old Ford's Theatre, in which President Lincoln was assassinated, is on Tenth Street N.W between E and F The house in which Lincoln died is on the opposite side of the street, and contains relics of Lincoln collected by O. H. Oldroyd. Monuments. Foremost among the city's many monuments is that erected to the memory of George Washington. It is a plain obelisk of white Maryland marble, 55 ft. square at the base and $55 ft. in height; it was begun in 1848, but the work was abandoned in 1855-1877, but was completed in 1884 at a cost of $1,300,000 Among statues of Washington are the half-nude seated figure (1843) by Greenough in the Smithsonian Institution, and an equestrian statue (1860) of Washington at the Battle of Princeton by Clark Mills in Washington Circle. Among the other prominent statues are: the equestrian statue (1908) of General Philip Sheridan in Sheridan Circle, by Gutzon Borglum; an equestrian statue of General Sherman near the Treasury Building, by Carl Rohl-Smith; a statue of Frederick the Great (by T. Uphues; presented to the United States by Emperor William II. of Germany) in front of the Army War College at the mouth of the Anacostia river; a statue of General Nathanael Greene (by H. K. Brown) in Stanton Square; statues of General Winfield Scott in Scott Square (by H. K Brown) and in the grounds of the Soldiers' Home (by Launt Thompson); a statue of Rear-Admiral S. F. Du Pont in Dupont Circle (by Launt Thompson); of Rear-Admiral D. G. Farragut (by Vinnie Ream Hoxie); an equestrian statue of General George H Thomas (by J Q. A. Ward), erected by the Society of the Army of the Cumberland;

one of General George B. McClellan, by Frederick Macmonnies; and statues of Lincoln, by Scott Flannery and (in Lincoln Park) by Thomas Ball, of Joseph Henry (by W. W Story) in the grounds of the Smithsonian Institution, of John Marshall (by Story) on the west terrace of the Capitol, of General Andrew Jackson (by Clark Mills) and, in Lafayette Square, of the Marquis de Lafayette (by Falguière and Mercié), of the Comte de Rochambeau (by F. Hamar) and of Baron von Steuben (1910). In Pennsylvania Avenue, at the foot of Capitol Hill, is a Monument of Peace (by Franklin Simmons) in memory of officers, seamen and marines of the U.S. Navy killed in the Civil War.

Cemeteries. On the opposite side of the Potomac, in Virginia, and adjoining Fort Myer, a military post (named in honour of General Albert James Myer (1827-1880), who introduced in 1870 a system of meteorological observations at army posts) with reservation of 186 acres, is Arlington, a National Cemetery (of 408-33 acres), in which lie buried 21,106 soldiers killed in the Civil War and in the war with Spain; among the distinguished officers buried here are General Philip Henry Sheridan, Admiral David Dixon Porter, General Joseph Wheeler and General Henry W. Lawton; there is a Spanish War Monument; the grounds are noted for their natural beauty, and on the brow of a hill commanding a magnificent view of the city is Arlington House (1802), the residence of George Washington Parke Custis (1781-1857), grandson of Martha Washington, and afterwards of General Robert E. Lee, Custis's son-in-law; the estate was seized by Federal troops early in the Civil War, and was bought by the United States in 1864; there was a military hospital here throughout the Civil War. Adjoining the grounds of the Soldiers' Home (3 m. N. of the Capitol) is a National Military Cemetery containing the graves of 7220 soldiers. On the bank of the Anacostia river, east of the Capitol, is the Congressional Cemetery containing the graves of many members of Congress. North of Georgetown is Oak Hill Cemetery, and in the vicinity of the Soldiers' Home are Rock Creek, Glenwood, Harmony, Prospect Hill and St Mary's Ceme teries. A crematorium was completed in 1909, and cremation instead of interment has since been urged by the District commissioners.

А

Charities, &c.-The National Soldiers' Home (1851), founded by General Winfield Scott, comprises five buildings, with accommodations for 800 retired or disabled soldiers, and 512 acres of beautiful grounds. The charitable and correctional institutions of the District of Columbia are the following government institutions, under the control of the United States or of the District of Columbia: Freedmen's Hospital (1862), United States Naval Hospital (1866), an Insane Asylum on the S. side of the Anacostia river, the District of Columbia Industrial Home School (1872), a Municipal Lodging House (1892), a Soldiers' and Sailors' Temporary Home (1888), Workhouse, Reform School for Boys, Reform School for Girls and Industrial Home School (1872). Among many private institutions are the Washington City Orphan Asylum (1815); Lutheran Eye, Ear and Throat Infirmary (1889); Episcopal Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital (1897); Providence Hospital (1861; Sisters of Charity); George Washington University Hospital (1898): Georgetown University Hospital (1898); Columbia Hospital for Women (1866); Children's Hospital (1871); Washington Hospital for Foundlings (1887); Children's Temporary Home (1899; for negroes); German Orphan Asylum (1879); Washington Home for Incurables (1889); Home for the Aged (1871); the National Lutheran Home (1890); the Methodist Home (1890) and Baptist Home (1880). non-support law," which went into effect in 1906, enacts that a man who refuses to provide for his family when able to do so shall be committed to the workhouse for hard labour, and that fifty cents a day shall be paid to his family. A Juvenile Court and a Board of Children's Guardians have extensive jurisdiction over dependent and delinquent children, and a general supervision of all charities and corrections is vested in Board of Charities, consisting of five members appointed by the president of the United States. Education.-Washington is one of the leading educational centres of the United States. The public school system, under the control of a Board of Education of six men and three women appointed by the supreme court judges of the District of Columbia, embraces business high school, manual training schools, normal schools and kindergartens, primary schools, grammar schools, high schools, a night schools. The schools are open nine months in the year, and all children between eight and fourteen years of age are required to attend some public, private or parochial school during these months unless excused because of some physical or mental disability. George Washington University, in the vicinity of the White House, is a nonsectarian institution (opened in 1821 under the auspices of the Baptist General Convention as "The Columbian College in the The site is said to have been chosen by Washington himself-organized as the Columbian University in 1873, organized under its District of Columbia "; endowed by W W. Corcoran in 1872, Congress had planned a marble monument in 1783. In 1833 the Washington National Monument Society was formed and a popular subscription was taken. The obelisk was designed by Robert Mills, whose original plan included a "Pantheon 100 ft. high with a colonnade and a colossal statue of Washington. After 1877 the work was carried on by an appropriation made by Congress. See Frederick L. Harvey, History of the Washington Monument and the National Monument Society (Washington, 1903).

"A bronze fountain, "The Court of Neptune," in front of the Library, is by Hinton Perry Granite portrait busts of great authors occupy niches in windows near the entrance; these are by J. S. Hartley, Herbert Adams and F. W. Ruckstuhl. The allegorical figures over the entrance are by Bela L. Pratt. There are fine bronze doors by Olin Warner and Frederick Macmonnies. Among the mural paintings are series by John W. Alexander, Kenyon Cox, E. H. Blashfield, Henry Oliver Walker (b. 1843), Walter McEwen, Elihu Vedder, Charles Sprague Pearce (b. 1851), Edward Simmons (b. 1852), George Willoughby Maynard (b. 1843), Robert Reid (b. 1862), George R. Barse, Jr. (b. 1861), W. A. Mackay, F. W. Benson (b. 1862), Walter Shirlar (b. 1838), Gari Melchers (b. 1860), W. De L. Dodge (b. 1867) and others.

present name in 1904), and comprises Columbian College of Arts

A Lincoln memorial is to be erected on the Mall W of the Washington monument.

The name was changed when the offer of the George Washington Memorial Association to build a $500,000 memorial building was accepted.

by the District of Columbia and one-half by the United States. | in response to the appeal of Alexandria, which had suffered from The revenue of the District, which is derived from a property the neglect of Congress. The lethargy of the nation toward tax and from various licences, is paid into the United States Treasury; appropriations, always specific and based on estimates prepared by the commissioners, are made only by Congress; and all accounts are audited by the Treasury Department. The government owns the waterworks, by which an abundant supply of water is taken from the Potomac at the Great Falls, conducted for 12 m. through an aqueduct 9 ft. in diameter and filtered through a sand filtration plant.

The

The government of the District has been uniformly excellent, and the laws therefor have been modern in their tendency employment of children under fourteen years of age in any factory, workshop, mercantile establishment, store, business office, telegraph or telephone office, restaurant, hotel, apartment house, club, theatre, bootblack stand, or in the distribution or transmission of merchandise or messages is forbidden, except that a child between twelve and fourteen years of age may with the permission of the judge of the juvenile court be employed at an occupation not dangerous or injurious to his health or morals if necessary for his support or for the assistance of a disabled, ill or invalid parent, a younger brother or sister, or a widowed mother. No child under fourteen years of age may be employed in any work whatever before six o'clock in the morning, after seven o'clock in the evening, or during the hours when the public schools are in session.

its capital suddenly vanished at the outbreak of the Civil War. At the close of the first day's bombardment of Fort Sumter (April 12th, 1861) Leroy P. Walker (1817-1884), the Confederate Secretary of War, boasted that before the 1st of May the Confederate flag would float over the Capitol. The North, alarmed at the threat, speedily transformed Washington into a great military post and protected it on all sides with strong carthworks. Throughout the war it was the centre of the military operations of the North. here the armies were officered and marshalled, from here they marched on their campaigns against the South, here was the largest depot of military supplies, and here were great hospitals for the care of the wounded. Although several times threatened by the South, Washington was never really in danger except in July 1864 when General Jubal A. Early advanced against it with 12,000 veterans, defeated General Lew Wallace with about 3500 men at Monocacy Bridge on the 6th, and on the 11th appeared before the fortifications, which were at the time defended by only a few thousand raw troops; the city was saved by the timely arrival of some of Grant's veterans. In the city, on the 23rd and 24th of May 1865, President Andrew Johnson reviewed the returning soldiers of the Union Army.

The population of Washington increased from 61,122 to 109,199 or 78.6% in the decade from 1860 to 1870, and the stirring effects of the Civil War were far-reaching. The city had been founded on too elaborate and extensive a plan to be left to the initiative and unaided resources of its citizens. But under the new form of government which was instituted in 1871 a wonderful transformation was begun under the direction of Alexander R. Shepherd. (1835-1902), the governor of the District and president of the board of public works. Temporary financial embarrassment followed, but when the Federal government had taken upon itself half the burden and established the economic administration of the commissioners, the problem of beautifying the nation's capital was solved.

History-During the War of Independence Philadelphia was the principal seat of the Continental Congress, but it was driven thence in 1783 by mutinous soldiers, and for the succeeding seven years the discussion of a permanent site for the national capital was characterized by sectional jealousy, and there was a strong sentiment against choosing a state capital or a large city lest it should interfere with the Federal government. The Constitution, drafted in 1787, authorized Congress "to exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding 10 sq. m.) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of government of the United States." Virginia and Maryland promised such a cession; President Washington was known to be in favour of a site on the Potomac, and in July 1790 Alexander Hamilton, in return for Thomas Jefferson's assistance in passing the bill for the assumption of the state war debts by the Federal govern- Capital (New York, 1889); R. R. Wilson, Washington, the Capital BIBLIOGRAPHY.-C. B. Todd, The Story of Washington, the National ment, helped Jefferson to pass a bill for establishing the capital Cuy (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1901); C. H. Forbes-Lindsay, Washington, on the Potomac, by which the president was authorized to select the City and the Seat of Government (Philadelphia, 1908); F A. a site anywhere along the Potomac between the Eastern Branch Vanderlip," The Nation's Capital," in L. P. Powell's Historic Towns (Anacostia) and the Conococheague river, a distance of about of the Southern States (New York, 1900); William V. Cox, 18001900, Celebration of the 100th Anniversary of the Establishment of the So m, and to appoint three commissioners who under his direc- Seat of Government in the District of Columbia (Washington, 1901): tion should make the necessary surveys and provide accom- J. A. Porter, The City of Washington, its Origin and Administration, modations for the reception of Congress in 1800. The comin Johns Hopkins University Studies, vol. iii. (Baltimore, 1885); missioners-Thomas Johnson (1732-1819) and Daniel Carroll C: Howard, Washington as a Center of Learning (Washington, 1904): (1756-1829) of Maryland and Dr David Stuart of Virginia-1903); A. R. Spofford, The Founding of Washington City (Baltimore, Tindall, Origin and Government of the District of Columbia (ibid., gave the city its name; Major L'Enfant drew its plan, and 1881); and Glenn Brown, Papers on Improvement of Washington Andrew Ellicott laid it out. When, in 1800, the government City (Washington, 1901). was removed to Washington it was a backwoods settlement in the wilderness"; as a city it existed principally on paper, and the magnificence of the design only served to emphasize the poverty of the execution. One wing of the Capitol and the President's House were nearly completed, but much of the land surrounding the Capitol was a marsh; there were no streets worthy of the name, the roads were very bad, and the members of Congress were obliged to lodge in Georgetown. For many years such characterizations as "Wilderness City," "Capital of Miserable Huts," "City of Streets without Houses," "City of Magnificent Distances and "A Mudhole almost Equal to the Great Serbonian Bog" were common. Resolutions were frequently offered by some disgusted member of Congress for the removal of the capital. In 1814, during the second war with Great Britain, the British, after defeating on the 24th of August an American force at Bladensburg, Prince George county, Maryland, about 6 m. N.E. of Washington, occupied the city and burned the Capitol, the President's House, some of the public offices, and the Navy Yard. In the following year when a bill appropriating $500,000 for rebuilding was before Congress it met with formidable opposition from the "capital movers.' The question of removal was again to the front when, in 1846, the Virginia portion of the District was retroceded to that state

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WASHINGTON, a city and county-seat of Daviess county, Indiana, U.S.A., about 50 m. N.E. of Evansville. Pop. (1890) 6064, (1900) 8551, of whom 391 were foreign born and 255 negroes, (1910 census) 11,404. It is served by the Baltimore & Ohio South Western (which has repair shops here) and the Evansville & Indianapolis railways. The city has a public library and a city park of 45 acres. It is the shipping point of the surrounding farming, stock-raising and coal-mining region, and there are deposits of kaolin and fireclay in the vicinity. The total value of the factory product in 1905 was $1,166,749 (48.6% more than in 1900). The municipality owns and operates the electric lighting plant. Washington was settled in 1816 and chartered as a city in 1870.

WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE), a city and the county-seat of Fayette county, Ohio, U.S.A., on Paint Creek, 35 m. S.E. of Springfield. Pop. (1880) 3798, (1890) 5742, (1900) 5751 (708 negroes); (1910) 7277. It is served by the Baltimore & Ohio, the Cincinnati & Muskingum Valley (Pennsylvania Lines), the Detroit, Toledo & Ironton, and the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton railways. It is in a rich farming and stock and poultry-raising region, has a large poultry-packing house and various manufactures. Washington, or Washington Court House as it is often called to distinguish it from the