conspiracy of the Norman nobles in 1101. By his wife Margaret, daughter of Geoffrey II., count of Perche, he had five sons and two daughters. He died on the 20th of June 1123, and was buried in the Norman abbey of Préaux, near Pont-Audemer, a family foundation of which he and his brother were patrons. At Warwick he founded the priory of the Austin Canons, and endowed the church of St Mary.

Of his sons Roger de Newburgh became 2nd earl of Warwick and died in 1153; Rotrou (d. 1139) became archbishop of Rouen; and Robert, seneschal and justiciar of Normandy, died in 1185 in the abbey of Bec, of which he was a benefactor. The 2nd earl was followed by his two sons in succession, William (d. 1184) and Waleran (d. 1204). Henry de Newburgh, 5th earl of Warwick (1192-1229), took the royal side in the civil wars of the reigns of John and Henry III. The 6th earl, Thomas de Newburgh (c. 1213-1297), left no heirs, and was succeeded by his sister Margaret, countess of Warwick in her own right, who was twice married, but left no heirs. Her second husband, John du Plessis, assumed the title of earl of Warwick in 1245, and in 1250 received a grant of his wife's lands for life. He was succeeded in 1263 by Countess Margaret's cousin and heir, Sir William Mauduit (1220-1268), 8th earl of Warwick. | Mauduit's sister and heiress, Isabel de Beauchamp, had apparently adopted the religious life at the time of her brother's death, and her son William de Beauchamp became 9th earl of Warwick. His son Guy de Beauchamp, 10th earl of Warwick (12781315), received grants of land in Scotland for his services at Falkirk, and in 1301 was one of the signatories of the letter to the pope denying the papal right to interfere in Scottish affairs. He was with Edward I. at the time of his death, and is said to have been warned by him against Piers Gaveston. He was one of the lords ordainers of 1310, and was concerned in the capture of Gaveston, though he declined to countenance his execution. He died on the roth of August 1315. His son, Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th earl (1313-1369), was marshal of England in 1344, and of the English army in France in 1346. He fought at Crecy and Poitiers, and was one of the original knights of the Garter.

Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th earl (c. 1345-1401), was about twenty-four years old when he succeeded his father. He served on the lords' committee of reform in the Good Parliament in 1376, and again in 1377, and was a member of the commission of inquiry in 1379. Appointed governor to Richard II. in February 1381, he joined the nobles who sought to impose their authority on the king, and was one of the lords appellant in 1388. After the overthrow of his party in 1389 Warwick lived in retirement, but although he had for the moment escaped Richard's vengeance he was not forgiven. Being invited with Gloucester and Arundel to a banquet at court on the 10th of July 1397 he alone of the three was imprudent enough to obey the summons. He was immediately arrested and imprisoned in the Tower of London, in that part of the fortress since known as the Beauchamp Tower. Warwick made a full confession in parliament; his honours were forfeited and he himself banished. He was again in the Tower in 1398, but was liberated and restored to his honours on the accession of Henry IV. His son Richard Beauchamp, 13th earl of Warwick, is separately noticed.

Henry, 14th earl of Warwick (1423-1445), Earl Richard's son, a descendant, through his mother Constance le Despenser, of Edmund, duke of York, fifth son of Edward III., received a patent making him premier earl in 1444. A year later he was created duke of Warwick with precedence next after the duke of Norfolk, a rank disputed by the duke of Buckingham. The assertion that he was crowned king of the Isle of Wight seems to have no foundation in fact. The 14th earl, whose honours were probably due to his father's services, died in his twenty-second year, leaving a daughter Anne, who died in 1449. On her death the earldom lapsed to the crown. The estates passed to Sir Richard Neville (see WARWICK, RICHARD NEVILLE, earl of), in right of his wife Anne, sister of Henry Beauchamp, duke of Warwick. He and his wife were created earl and countess of Warwick each for life in 1450, with remainder to Anne's heirs, and, these

| failing, to Margaret, countess of Shrewsbaly, half-sister of the countess Anne. After the death of her husband, the Kingmaker, at Barnet in 1471, the rights of the countess, heiress of the Beauchamp estates, were set aside "as if the scid countes were nowe naturally dede " (act of 13 Edward IV. 1473) in favour of her daughters, Isabel, wife of George, duke of Clarence, and Anne, who, after the murder of her first husband Edward prince of Wales in 1471, married Richard, duke of Gloucester, afterwards Richard III. Their mother was allowed to resume her estates in 1487, but only to settle them on the crown. She was succeeded in 1493 in the carldom by her grandson Edward Plantagenet, 18th earl of Warwick (1475-1499), son of the duke of Clarence, and therefore the Yorkist heir to the crown. He was imprisoned in 1484, his sole offence being his birth, and was executed in 1499 on a charge of conspiracy with his fellowprisoner, Perkin Warbeck. He was the last representative of the male line of the Plantagenets. His honours were forfeited, and his estates passed to his sister Margaret, countess of Salisbury in her own right, the unfortunate lady who was executed in 1541.

The next bearer of the title was John Dudley, Viscount Lisle, afterwards duke of Northumberland (q.v.), who was created earl of Warwick in 1547, on account of his descent from Margaret, countess of Shrewsbury, daughter of Richard Beauchamp, earl of Warwick. The earldom became extinct with his son John Dudley, 20th earl of Warwick (c. 1528-1554), who was condemned to death for having signed the letters patent making his sister-in-law, Lady Jane Grey, heir apparent. He was released from prison in October 1554, but died in the same month. His brother, Ambrose Dudley (c. 1528-1590), who fought at St Quentin in 1557, secured the reversal of the attainder of himself and his brother consequent on the attempt to place Lady Jane Grey on the throne, and in 1561 was created Baron Lisle and earl of Warwick. He was in high favour with Elizabeth, as was his third wife Anne, daughter of Francis Russell, 2nd earl of Bedford. His brother Robert, earl of Leicester, having predeceased him his honours became extinct on his death in 1590.

The earldom was revived in 1618 in favour of Robert Rich, 3rd Baron Rich (c. 1560–1619), grandson of Lord Chancellor Rich, who died shortly after his elevation. His wife Penelope, Lady Rich, is separately noticed. He was succeeded in 1619 by his eldest son Robert Rich, 2nd or 23rd earl of Warwick (q.v.), whose two sons Robert (1611-1659) and Charles (1619-1673) succeeded him in the earldom and died leaving no male issue. The 5th or 26th earl of Warwick was their cousin Robert Rich (1620-1675), eldest son of Henry, 1st earl of Holland. His grandson, the 7th or 28th earl, left no issue, and the title became extinct on the death, on the 15th of September 1759, of his kinsman Edward Rich, 8th or 29th earl. It was revived two months later, when Francis Greville, Baron Brooke of Beauchamps Court (17191773), who had in 1746 been created Earl Brooke of Warwick Castle, became earl of Warwick. Greville was descended from Robert Greville, the 2nd baron, who was killed at Lichfield during the civil war and he represented a cadet branch of the Beauchamp family. His son George (1746-1816) became the 2nd earl of this line, and the earldom has remained with his descendants, Francis Richard (b. 1853) becoming the 5th earl in 1893. His wife, Franees Evelyn, countess of Warwick, daughter of Colonel the Hon. C. H. Maynard (d. 1865), inherited the estates of her grandfather, Henry Maynard, 5th and last Viscount Maynard (1788-1865). She became well known in society, and later for her interest in social questions.

WARWICK, SIR PHILIP (1609-1683), English writer and politician, was the son of Thomas Warwick, or Warrick, a musician, and was born in Westminster on the 24th of December 1609. Educated at Eton, he travelled abroad for some time and in 1636 became secretary to the lord high treasurer, William Juxon; later he was a member of the Long Parliament, being one of those who voted against the attainder of Strafford and who followed Charles I. to Oxford. He fought at Edgehill and was one of the king's secretaries during the negotiations with the

parliament at Hampton Court, and also during those at Newport, Charles speaking very highly of his services just before his execution. Remaining in England, Warwick was passively loyal to Charles II. during the Commonwealth and enjoyed the confidence of the royalist leaders. In 1660 the king made him a knight, and in 1661 he became a member of parliament and secretary to another lord treasurer, Thomas Wriothesley, earl of Southampton, retaining this post until the treasury was put into commission on Southampton's death in May 1667. He died on the 15th of January 1683. Warwick's only son, the younger Philip Warwick (d. 1683), was envoy to Sweden Warwick is chiefly known for his Memoirs of the reigne of King Charles I, with a continuation to the happy restauration of King Charles II., written between 1675 and 1677 and published in London

in 1680.

in 1701.

Manners and Customs; new edition by Mr Emery Walker, with notes by Lord Dillon and Mr W. St John Hope. More authoritative especially in the Vita Henrici Quinti ascribed to Elmham, Monstrelet; material must be sought in strictly contemporary chronicles, and Chronicles of London (ed. C. L. Kingsford) and J. Stevenson, Letters, &c. illustrative of the English Wars in France ("Rolls" series). For modern accounts consult J. H. Wylie, Henry IV.; C. L. Kingsford, Henry V.; and Sir James Ramsay, Lancaster and York. (C.L. K.)

WARWICK, RICHARD NEVILLE, EARL OF (1428-1471), called "the king-maker," was eldest son of Richard Neville, earl of Salisbury, by Alice, only daughter and heiress of Thomas, the last Montacute earl of Salisbury. He was born on the 22nd of November 1428, and whilst still a boy betrothed to Anne, daughter of Richard Beauchamp, earl of Warwick. When her brother's daughter died in 1449, Anne, as only sister of the whole blood, brought her husband the title and chief share of the WARWICK, RICHARD BEAUCHAMP, Earl of (1382–1439), Warwick estates. Richard Neville thus became the premier son of Thomas Beauchamp, was born at Salwarp in Worcester-earl, and both in power and position excelled his father. Richard, shire on the 28th of January 1382, and succeeded his father in duke of York, was his uncle, so when York became protector 1401. He had some service in the Welsh War, fought on the in 1453, and Salisbury was made chancellor, it was natural that king's side at the battle of Shrewsbury on the 22nd of July 1403, in 1455 Warwick and his father took up arms in York's support. Warwick should be one of the council. After the king's recovery and at the siege of Aberystwith in 1407. In 1408 he started on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, visiting on his way Paris and Their victory at St Albans on the 22nd of May was due to the Rome, and fighting victoriously in a tournament with Pandolfo fierce energy with which Warwick assaulted and broke the Malatesta at Verona. From Venice he took ship to Jaffa, whence Lancastrian centre. He was rewarded with the important office he went to Jerusalem, and set up his arms in the temple. On of captain of Calais; to his position there he owed his strength his return he travelled through Lithuania, Prussia and Germany, during the next five years. Even when York was displaced at and reached England in 1410. Two years later he was fighting home, Warwick retained his post, and in 1457 was also made in command at Calais. Up to this time Warwick's career had admiral. He was present in February 1458 at the professed been that of the typical knight errant. During the reign of reconciliation of the two parties in a loveday at St Paul's, London. Henry V. his chief employment was as a trusted counsellor and During the previous year he had done some good fighting on the diplomatist. He was an ambassador to France in September march of Calais by land, and kept the sea with vigour; now on 1413, and the chief English envoy to the coronation of Sigismund his return he distinguished himself in a great fight with Spanish at Aix-la-Chapelle, and to the council of Constance in the autumn ships off Calais on the 28th of May, and in the autumn by captur of 1414. During the campaign of Agincourt he was captain of ing a German salt-fleet on its way to Lübeck. These exploits Calais, where in April 1416 he received Sigismund with such brought him a prestige and popularity that were distasteful to courtly magnificence as to earn from him the title of the "Father the home government. Moreover, England was at war neither of Courtesy." In the campaigns of 1417-18 Warwick took a with Castile nor with the Hanse. Warwick's action may possibly prominent part, reducing Domfront and Caudebec. Then he have formed part of some Yorkist design for frustrating the joined the king before Rouen, and in October 1418 had charge foreign policy of their rivals. At all events there was pretext Whilst he was of the negotiations with the dauphin and with Burgundy. Next enough for recalling him to make his defence. year he was again the chief English spokesman in the conference at the court at Westminster a brawl occurred between his reat Meulan, and afterwards was Henry's representative in arrange- tainers and some of the royal household. Warwick himself ing the treaty of Troyes. At the sieges of Melun in 1420, and of escaped with difficulty, and went back to Calais, alleging that Mantes in 1421-22 he held high command. Warwick's sage his life had been deliberately attempted. When in the following experience made it natural that Henry V. should on his death-bed year a renewal of the war was imminent, Warwick crossed over appoint him to be his son's governor. For some years to come to England with his trained soldiers from Calais under Sir he was engaged chiefly as a member of the council in England. Andrew Trollope. But at Ludlow on the 12th of October In 1428 he received formal charge of the little king's education. Trollope and his men deserted, and left the Yorkists helpless. He took Henry to France in 1430, and whilst at Rouen had the Warwick, with his father, his cousin the young Edward of York, superintendence of the trial of Joan of Arc. In 1431 he defeated and only three followers, made his way to Barnstaple. There Pothon de Xaintrailles at Savignies. Next year he returned to they hired a little fishing vessel. The master pleaded that he England. The king's minority came nominally to an end in did not know the Channel, but Warwick resourcefully took Warwick was then not unnaturally chosen to succeed command and himself steered a successful course to Calais. He Richard of York in the government of Normandy. He accepted arrived just in time to anticipate the duke of Somerset, whom loyally a service "full far from the ease of my years," and went the Lancastrians had sent to supersede him. During the winter down to Portsmouth in August, but was long detained by bad Warwick held Calais against Somerset, and sent out a fleet which weather, "seven times shipped or ever he might pass the sea," seized Sandwich and captured Lord Rivers. In the spring he and only reached Honfleur on the 8th of November. In Nor- went to Ireland to concert plans with Richard of York. On his mandy he ruled with vigour for eighteen months, and died at his return voyage he encountered a superior Lancastrian fleet in the post on the 30th of April 1439. His body was brought home Channel. But Exeter, the rival commander, could not trust his and buried at Warwick. His tomb in St Mary's church is one of crews and dared not fight. the most splendid specimens of English art in the 15th century. Warwick married (1) Elizabeth Berkeley, (2) Isabella Despenser. By his second wife he left an only son Henry, afterwards duke of Warwick, who died in 1445, and a daughter Anne, who as her brother's sister of the whole blood brought the title and chief share of the estates to her husband Richard Neville, the kingmaker. By his first wife he had three daughters, of whom the eldest, Margaret, married John Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury. BIBLIOGRAPHY.-John Rous (d. 1491) wrote a life of Warwick, illustrated with over fifty drawings, now at the British Museum (Cotton MS. Julius E. iv.). They have been reproduced in Strutt's

1437.

From Calais Warwick, Salisbury and Edward of York crossed to Sandwich on the 26th of June. A few days later they entered London, whence Warwick at once marched north. On the 10th of July he routed the Lancastrians at Northampton, and took the king prisoner. For the order to spare the commons and slay the lords Warwick was responsible, as also for some later executions at London. Yet when Richard of York was disposed to claim the crown, it was, according to Waurin, Warwick who decided the discussion in favour of a compromise, perhaps from loyalty to Henry, or perhaps from the wish not to change a weak sovereign for a strong. Warwick was in charge of London at the

time when Richard and Salisbury were defeated and slain at under EDWARD IV. For modern authorities see especially C. W. Wakefield. The Lancastrians won a second victory at St Albans man's brilliant but enthusiastic Warwick the King-Maker, Sir on the 17th of February 1461, possibly through lack of general-James Ramsay's Lancaster and York, and Stubbs's Constitutional History. (C. L. K.) ship on Warwick's part. But in his plans to retrieve the disaster Warwick showed skill and decision. He met Edward of York WARWICK, SIR ROBERT RICH, 2ND EARL OF (1587-1658), in Oxfordshire, brought him in triumph to London, had him colonial administrator and admiral, was the eldest son of Robert proclaimed king, and within a month of his defeat at St Albans Rich, earl of Warwick (see above) and his wife Penelope Rich was marching north in pursuit of the Lancastrians. The good❘ (q.v.), and succeeded to the title in 1619. Early interested in generalship which won the victory of Towton may have been colonial ventures, he joined the Bermudas, Guinea, New England due to Edward rather than to Warwick, but the new king was and Virginia companies. His enterprises involved him in of the creation of the powerful earl, who now had his reward. disputes with the East India Company (1617) and with the For four years the government was centred undisputedly in Virginia Company, which in 1624 was suppressed through his the hands of Warwick and his friends. The energy of his brother action. In 1627 he commanded an unsuccessful privateering John, Lord Montagu, frustrated the various attempts of the expedition against the Spaniards. His Puritan connexions and Lancastrians in the north. In another sphere Warwick himself sympathies, while gradually estranging him from the court, prowas determining the lines of English policy on the basis of an moted his association with the New England colonies. In 1628 alliance with France. The power of the Nevilles seemed to be he indirectly procured the patent for the Massachusetts colony, completed by the promotion of George, the third brother, to be and in 1631 he granted the " Saybrook " patent in Connecticut. archbishop of York. The first check came with the announce- Compelled the same year to resign the presidency of the New ment in September 1464 of the king's secret marriage to Elizabeth | England Company, he continued to manage the Bermudas and Woodville. This was particularly distasteful to Warwick, who Providence Companies, the latter of which, founded in 1630, had but just pledged Edward to a French match. For the time, administered Old Providence on the Mosquito coast. Meanhowever, there was no open breach. The trouble began in 1466, while in England Warwick opposed the forced loan of 1626, the when Edward first made Rivers, the queen's father, treasurer, payment of ship-money and Laud's church policy, and with his and afterwards threw obstacles in the way of an intended brother the first lord Holland (q.v.) came to be recognized as one marriage between Warwick's daughter Isabel and George of of the heads of the Puritans. In March 1642 the Commons, in Clarence, his own next brother. Still in May 1467 Warwick spite of the king's veto, appointed him admiral of the fleet, and went again, with the king's assent to conclude a treaty with in July he gained the whole navy for the parliament. He raised France. He returned to find that in his absence Edward, under forces in Norfolk and Essex on the outbreak of the war, and as Woodville's influence, had committed himself definitely to the lord high admiral (1643-1645) he did good service in intercepting Burgundian alliance. Warwick retired in dudgeon to his estates, the king's ships and relieving threatened ports. In 1643 he was and began to plot in secret for his revenge. In the summer of appointed head of a commission for the government of the 1469 he went over to Calais, where Isabel and Clarence were colonies, which the next year incorporated Providence Plantamarried without the king's knowledge. Meantime he had stirred tions, afterwards Rhode Island, and in this capacity he exerted up the rebellion of Robin of Redesdale in Yorkshire; and when himself to secure religious liberty. Reappointed lord high Edward was drawn north Warwick invaded England in arms. admiral in May 1648, in the vain hope that his influence with the The king, outmarched and outnumbered, had to yield himself sailors would win back the nine ships which had revolted to the prisoner, whilst Rivers and his son John were executed. Warwick king, he collected a new fleet and blockaded them at Helvoetsluys. was apparently content with the overthrow of the Woodvilles, Dismissed from office on the abolition of the House of Lords in and believed that he had secured Edward's submission. In 1649, he retired from public life, but was intimately associated March 1470 a rebellion in Lincolnshire gave Edward an oppor- with Cromwell, whose daughter Frances married his grandson tunity to gather an army of his own. When the king alleged and heir Robert Rich in 1657. He died on the 19th of April that he had found proof of Warwick's complicity, the earl, taken 1658. The suspicions cast by his enemies on his religious sincerity by surprise, fled with Clarence to France. There, through the and political fidelity appear to be baseless. instrumentality of Louis XI., he was with some difficulty reconciled to Margaret of Anjou, and agreed to marry his second daughter to her son. In September Warwick and Clarence, with the Lancastrian lords, landed at Dartmouth. Edward in his turn had to fly oversea, and for six months Warwick ruled England as lieutenant for Henry VI., who was restored from his prison in the Tower to a nominal throne. But the Lancastrian restoration was unwelcome to Clarence, who began to intrigue with his brother. When in March 1471 Edward landed at Ravenspur, Clarence found an opportunity to join him. Warwick was completely outgeneralled, and at Barnet on the 14th of April was defeated and slain.

Warwick has been made famous by Lytton as "The Last of the Barons." The title suits him as a great feudal lord, who was a good fighter but a poor general, who had more sympathy with the old order than with the new culture. But he was more than this. He had some of the qualities of a strong ruler, and the power to command popularity. He was a skilled diplomatist and an adroit politician. These qualities, with his position as the head of a great family, the chief representative of Beauchamp, Despenser, Montacute and Neville, made him during ten years "the king-maker."

Warwick's only children were his two daughters. Anne, the younger, was married after his death to Richard of Gloucester, the future Richard III. Their husbands shared his inheritance and quarrelled over its division.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.-Warwick of course fills a great place in contemporary authorities; for a note on the chief of them see

WARWICK, a town of Merivale county, Queensland, Australia, 169 m. by rail S.W. of Brisbane. Pop. (1901) 3836. It lies on the bank of the river Contadamine, in the heart of one of the best agricultural districts in Queensland, and is perhaps the most attractive inland town in the colony. It is well laid out with many substantial public and private buildings, and has two large parks, besides smaller recreation grounds. The district is famous for its vineyards, and quantities of excellent wine are made; wheat and maize are the principal crops, but tobacco, oats and lucerne are largely grown. Coal is found near the town, as are also marble, good building stone and brick clay.

WARWICK, a municipal and parliamentary borough, and the county town of Warwickshire, England; finely situated on the river Avon, the Warwick & Napton and Birmingham canals, 98 m. N.W. from London. Pop. (1901) 11,889. It is served by the Great Western and the London & NorthWestern railways. The parliamentary borough was united with that of Leamington in 1885, and returns one member. Leamington lies 2 m. E., and the towns are united by the suburb of New Milverton.

The magnificent castle of the earls of Warwick stands in a commanding and picturesque position on a rocky eminence above the river. Its walls, enclosing a lovely lawn and gardens, are flanked by towers, of which Caesar's tower, 147 ft. high, the Gateway tower and Guy's tower are the chief, dating from the 14th century. The residential portion lies on the river side. Excepting a few traces of earlier work, its appearance is that of a princely mansion of the 17th century. There is

a famous collection of pictures. The Great Hall and other | conferred the title of "Mayor, Aldermen and Burgesses on apartments suffered from fire in 1871, but were restored. A vase the corporation, and appointed the offices of the borough. of marble attributed to the 4th century B.C. is preserved here, it The mayor, aldermen and assistant burgesses were to assemble was discovered near Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli in Italy. Below yearly at Michaelmas, and in the presence of all the burgesses the castle the Avon, with thickly wooded banks, affords one of the nominate two aldermen, who should elect the new mayor and most exquisite reaches of river scenery in England. The church other officers. A mayor refusing office was to be fined £20, an of St Mary is principally, as it stands, a rebuilding of the time alderman £10 and an assistant burgess £5. In 1882 the borough of Queen Anne, after a fire in 1694. It appears from Domesday was divided into three wards, and the corporation consists of a that a church existed before the Conquest. It was made collegiate mayor, 6 aldermen and 18 town councillors. Warwick returned by Roger de Newburgh, the second Norman earl, in 1123. At two members to parliament from 1295, but in 1885 the number the Dissolution Henry VIII. granted the foundation to the was reduced to one. In addition to the fair granted by the earl burgesses of the town. The Beauchamp Chapel survived the to the burgesses in 1261, he himself held by prescriptive right a fire; it is a beautiful example of Perpendicular work, founded yearly fair in August and a market every Wednesday. Another by the will of Earl Richard Beauchamp, and built between fair was granted in 1290, and in 1413 the fair held at Michaelmas 1443 and 1464. The fine tomb of the earl stands in the centre. was changed to the feast of St Bartholomew. Fairs are now held There are only scanty traces of the old town walls, but the east on the 12th of October and on the Monday before St Thomas's and west gates remain, rendered picturesque by chapels built day. A market is held every Saturday, the first charter for this above them. The priory of St Sepulchre was founded by Henry being granted in 1545. A gaol is mentioned here as early as de Newburgh and completed in the reign of Henry I., on the site 1200 in a pipe roll of that year. of an ancient church, for a society of canons regular. It is now a private residence. Leicester Hospital, established by Robert Dudiey, earl of Leicester, is a picturesque example of half-timber building. It was originally used as the hall of the united gilds of the Holy Trinity, the Blessed Virgin and St George the Martyr. The earl of Leicester, by an act of incorporation obtained in 1571, founded the hospital for the reception of twelve poor men possessing not more than £5 a year, and a master. The first master, appointed by the earl himself, was the famous Puritan, Thomas Cartwright. St John's Hospital, a foundation of the time of Henry II., is represented by a beautiful Jacobean mansion. There are numerous charities in the town, the principal being those of Henry VIII., Sir Thomas White and Thomas Oken. The first is devoted to ecclesiastical and municipal stipends and to the King's School. By the charity of Sir Thomas White, the sum of £100 is lent, without interest, to young tradesmen for a period of nine years. The King's School, an important foundation for boys, dates from the reign of Edward the Confessor. It occupies modern buildings. Upon the same foundation are the high school for girls and the King's middle school. Among public buildings are a shire hall, free library and museum. Industries include gelatine- and brick-making, and there are ironworks. The parliamentary borough returns one member. Area, 5613 acres.

A famous site in the vicinity of Warwick is Guy's Cliffe, where a modern mansion, embodying ancient remains, crowns the precipitous rocky bank of the Avon. Here was the hermitage of the first Guy, earl of Warwick. Blacklow Hill in the vicinity was the scene of the execution of Piers Gaveston, the favourite courtier of Edward II., in 1312.

WARWICK, a township of Kent county, Rhode Island, U.S.A., about 5 m. S. of Providence, on the W. side of Narragansett Bay (here called Providence river) and crossed by the Pawtuxet river, which is in its lower course a part of the township's northern boundary. Pop. (1890) 17,761; (1900) 21,316, of whom 7792 were foreign-born; (1910 census) 26,629. The township is crossed by the New York, New Haven & Hartford railway, and electric lines serve most of its twenty-seven rather scattered villages. The larger villages are: on the river, Pontiac, Natick, River Point (at the junction of the two upper branches of the Pawtuxet), Phoenix, Centreville and Crompton; on Greenwich Bay, Apponaug and Warwick; and on Providence river, Shawomet, Warwick Neck, Oakland Beach, Buttonwoods, Conimicut and Long Meadow, which are summer resorts. Water power is provided by the Pawtuxet river, and much cotton and some woollen and print goods are manufactured. The value of the factory product in 1905 was $7,051,971 (17.1% more than in 1900); of the total, nine-tenths was the value of textile products. Warwick, originally called Shawomet (Shawmut), its Indian name, was settled in 1643 by Samuel Gorton (q.v.) and a few followers. Gorton quarrelled with the Indians, was carried off to Boston, was tried there for heresy, was convicted, and was imprisoned; was released with orders to leave the colony in March 1644, went to England, and under the patronage of the earl of Warwick returned to his settlement in 1648 and renamed it in honour of the earl. In 1647 the settlement entered into a union with Providence, Newport and Portsmouth under the Warwick (or Williams) charter of 1644, but during 16511654 Warwick and Providence were temporarily separated from the other two towns. Warwick was the birthplace of General Nathanael Greene.

WARWICKSHIRE, a midland county of England, bounded N. by Staffordshire, E. by Leicestershire and Northamptonshire, S. by Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire, and W. by Worcestershire. The area is 902-3 sq. m. The river Avon, watering a rich valley on a line from N.E. to S.W., divides the county into two unequal parts. The greater, lying to the N.W., drains principally to the Trent through the rivers Cole, Blythe, Rea, Anker and minor streams. Between these valleys, and dividing the system from that of the Avon, the land rises in gentle undulations, and is of plateau-like character, generally between 400 and 600 ft. in elevation. There are considerable tracts of this nature on the western boundary, both north and south of Birmingham, on the eastern boundary north of Rugby, and in the centre between the Blythe, the Anker and the Avon. From this side the Avon receives the Swift, the Sowe and the Alne. The northern district was distinguished by Camden as the Woodland, as opposed to the southern or Feldon, "a plain champain." The northern woodland embraced the ancient forest of Arden (q.v.) and it is this district which gave to the county the common epithets of

Warwick (Warwic, Warrewici, Warrewyk) is said to have been a Roman station, and was later fortified by Ethelflæd, the lady of Mercia, against the Danes. At the time of the Domesday Survey, Warwick was a royal borough, containing 261 houses, of which 130 were in the king's hands, while 19 belonged to burgesses who enjoyed all the privileges they had had in the time of Edward the Confessor. The Conqueror granted the borough to Henry of Newburgh, who was created earl of Warwick, and in all probability built the castle on the site of Æthelflæd's fortification. The Beauchamps, successors of Henry of Newburgh as earls of Warwick, held the borough of the king in chief. Although the borough owed its early importance to the castle of the earls of Warwick as well as to its position, and received a grant of a fair from John, earl of Warwick, in 1261, it seems to have developed independently of them, and received no charter until it was incorporated under the title of the burgesses of Warwick in 1546 after it had come into the king's hands by the attainder of Edward, earl of Warwick, in 1499. Other charters were granted in 1553, 1665, 1684 and 1694, of which that of 1553 allowed the appointment of assistant burgesses, though this was discontinued in 1698 because through" woody" or "leafy." The Feldon or south-eastern district their means a candidate for the borough was elected who was not supported by the recorder and aldermen. The charter of 1694

is almost wholly in the Avon valley. From this side the Avon receives the Leam, the Itchen and the Stour. Along the

south-eastern boundary runs the highest line of hills in the county, | The East and West Junction railway, from Blisworth in Northreaching some 800 ft., and including Edge Hill (which gives Junction on the Evesham line of the Midland. amptonshire, serves Stratford-on-Avon and terminates at Broom Water communicaname to the battle of 1642), and the Brailes, Dassett, Napton tion through the east of the county is afforded by the Oxford and and Shuckburgh hills. The county boundary here extends Coventry canals. The Warwick & Napton canal joins the Oxford across the highest line of hills, to include the headwaters of some at Napton; the Warwick & Birmingham joins these towns, and of the feeders of the Cherwell, and thus a small part of the the Stratford-on-Avon is a branch from it. The Fazeley canal runs drainage area of the Thames. These hills rise abruptly, and for navigation. N.E. from Birmingham. None of the rivers is of commercial value command wide views over the champaign. The finest silvan scenery is found on the banks of the Avon; the position of Guy's Cliffe and of Warwick Castle are well-known examples. It is not difficult to trace the influence of the scenic characteristics of the county in the writings of its most famous son, William Shakespeare.

Geology. The Archean rocks are represented by some volcanic ashes and intrusive dykes (the Caldecote Series), which are exposed north-west of Nuneaton. They dip south-westward under the Cambrian beds-Hartshill Quartzite and Stockingford Shaleswhich give rise to higher ground; the quartzite, which is opened up in numerous large roadstone quarries, contains towards its summit a fauna suggesting that of the Olenellus zone, one of the oldest faunas known. The quartzite as well as the overlying shales is seamed with intrusive dykes of diorite. A small inlier of the same shales occurs at Dosthill, south of Tamworth. The Coal Measures of the Warwickshire coalfield crop out in the north of the county between Nuneaton and Tamworth and contain valuable coal-seams; they pass conformably under the so-called Permian red sandstones and marls which are apparently the equivalents of the Keele Beds of Staffordshire, and like them should be grouped with the Coal Measures; they occupy a considerable area north and west of Coventry, and at Corley form high ground (625 ft.); in several places shafts have been sunk through them to the productive Coal Measures below. The rest of the county is occupied in the northern half by the Triassic red rocks, and in the south-east by the Lias. Of the Trias the Bunter (soft red sandstones with pebble-beds) is represented only between Birmingham and Sutton Coldfield, where it is succeeded by the Keuper Sandstone, which is occasionally exposed also around the edge of the coalfield (Tamworth, Coventry, Warwick, Maxstoke); the Keuper Marls occupy a large area in the centre of the county, while some sandstones in them form picturesque scarps near Henley-in-Arden. The highly fossiliferous Rhaetic beds which introduce the Lias are seldom exposed. The Lower Lias limestones are worked for cement (as near Rugby) and abound in ammonites. The Middle Lias sands and limestones follow, and form escarpments (as at Edge Hill, 710 ft.); but these and the lowest members of the Oolite series scarcely cross the county boundary from Oxfordshire. Glacial drifts-boulder-clay, sand and gravel-overspread large areas of the older rocks; their composition shows them to have been deposited from glaciers or ice-sheets which entered the district from the Irish Sea, from North Wales and from the North Sea. Later fluvio-glacial gravels of the Avon valley have yielded mammalian remains (hippopotamus, mammoth, &c.), while palaeolithic implements of quartzite have been found in the old gravels of the Rea near Birmingham. Coal, ironstone, lime and cement are the chief mineral products; manganese ore was formerly got from the

Cambrian rocks.

Population and Administration.-The area of the ancient county is 577,462 acres, with a population in 1891 of 805.072, and in 1901 of 897,835, the chief centres of increase lying naturally in the parts about Birmingham and Coventry. The area of the administrative county is 579,885 acres. The municipal boroughs are: Aston Manor (pop. 77,326), Birmingham ( 5 22,204), Coventry (69,978), Leamington, officially Royal Leamington Spa (26,888), Nuneaton (24.996), Stratford-on-Avon (8310), Sutton Coldfield (14,264) and Warwick (11,889), the county town. The urban districts are: Bulkington (1548), Erdington (16,368), Kenilworth (4544) and Rugby (16,830). Among the towns not appearing in these lists there should be mentioned: Alcester (2303), Atherstone (5248), Bedworth (7169), Coleshill (2593), Foleshill (5514) and Solihull (7517). Warwickshire is in the midland circuit, and assizes are held at Warwick. It has one court of quarter sessions, and is divided into 14 petty sessional divisions. The boroughs of Birmingham, Coventry, Royal Leamington Spa, Stratford-on-Avon, Sutton Coldfield and Warwick have separate commissions of the peace, and the boroughs of Birmingham and Warwick have, in addition, separate courts of quarter sessions. The total number of civil parishes is 267. The county, which is mostly in the diocese of Worcester, but also extends into those of Lichfield, Gloucester, Peterborough and Oxford, contains 297 ecclesiastical parishes or districts, wholly or in part. Warwickshire has four parliamentary divisions-Northern or Tamworth, North-eastern or Nuneaton, South-eastern or Rugby, and South-western or Stratford-on-Avon, each returning one member. The parliamentary boroughs of Aston Manor, Coventry and Warwick return one member each, and that of Birmingham has seven divisions, each returning one member.

Birmingham is the seat of a university, of the large grammar school of King Edward VI., and of other important educational institutions. At Rugby is one of the most famous of English public schools. The King's School, Warwick, is a large boys' school, and the Leamington High School is for girls. There is a day training college for schoolmasters and school mistresses in connexion with Mason University College, Birmingham. Among other institutions there may be mentioned the Lady Warwick College for the instruction of women in the higher branches of agriculture, &c., founded by Frances, countess of Warwick, at Reading in 1898, and subsequently removed to Studley Castle in western Warwickshire, where there is accommodation for 50 students.

History. The earliest English settlers in the district now

Climate and Agriculture.-The climate is generally mild and healthy. The soil is on the whole good, and consists of various loams, marls, gravels and clays, well suited for most of the usual crops. It is rich in pasture-land, and dairy-farming is increasing. It has excellent orchards and market-gardens, and possesses some of the finest woodlands in England. About five-sixths of the total area, a high proportion, is under cultivation, and of this about twothirds is in permanent pasture. Oats and wheat Occupy the part of the area under grain crops. In connexion with the cattle-known as Warwickshire were a tribe of Hwiccas who, pushing rearing and dairy-farming, over half the acreage under green crops is occupied by turnips, swedes and mangolds. Industries.-The industrial part of the county is the northern. Warwickshire includes the greatest manufacturing centre of the Midlands-Birmingham, though the suburbs of that city extend into Staffordshire and Worcestershire. Metal-working in all branches is prosecuted here, besides other industries. Coventry is noted for cycle-making, and, with Bedworth and Nuneaton and the intervening villages, is a seat of the ribbon- and tape-makers. A small rich coalfield occurs in the north-east, extending outside the county northward from Coventry. Clay, limestone and other stone are quarried at various points, and an appreciable amount of iron ore

is raised.

Communications.-The main line of the London & North-Western railway runs within the county near the N.E. boundary, by Rugby, Nuneaton and Tamworth, with branches to Leamington and Warwick, Coventry and Birmingham, and cross-branches. The northern line of the Great Western railway runs through Leamington and Warwick to Birmingham, with branches to Stratford-on-Avon and Henley-in-Arden. The Leicester and Birmingham branch of the Midland railway crosses the north of the county by Nuneaton, and the Birmingham-Evesham line of this company serves Alcester.

up the Severn valley in the 6th century, made their way along the passages afforded by the Avon valley and the Roman Fosse Way, the extent of their settlement being indicated by the ancient limits of the diocese of Worcester. The vast forest of Arden, stretching from the Avon to the site of the modern Birmingham, barred any progress northwards, at the same time affording protection from the Anglian tribes who were already settled about Atherstone, and it was only after the battle of Cirencester in 628 that the whole of the Hwiccan territory was comprised in Mercia. In 675 Cosford was included in the endowment of in a battle with the West Saxons. The shire of Warwick originPeterborough, and in 757 Æthelbald was slain at Seckington ated in the 10th century about Æthelflæd's new burgh at Warwick, and is mentioned by name in the Saxon Chronicle in 1016, when it was harried by Canute. The Danes made frequent incursions in the district in the 10th and 11th centuries, but no traces of their settlements occur south of Rugby.

The shire offered little resistance to the Conqueror, who was