" a voluminous History of the Remonstrance (1674); Hibernica | Elizabeth's accession he was elected M.P. for Banbury to her (1682), a worthless history of Ireland; in 1686 a reply to the first parliament, which sat from January to May 1559. He Popery of Thomas Barlow (1607-1691), bishop of Lincoln; and married in January 1562 Anne, daughter of George Barnes, other works. In these writings he consistently upheld the Lord Mayor of London and widow of Alexander Carleill, whose doctrine of civil liberty against the pretensions of the papacy. son-in-law Christopher Hoddesdon was closely associated with See S. R. Gardiner, History of the Great Civil War; G. Burnet, maritime and commercial enterprise. He was elected to repreHistory of his own Times, i. 195; T. Carte, Life of Ormonde (new ed. sent Lyme Regis in Elizabeth's second parliament of 1563 as 1851); Dict. Nat. Biog. lix. WALSH, WILLIAM (1663-1708), English poet and critic, son well as for Banbury, and preferred to sit for the former borough. of Joseph Walsh of Abberley, Worcestershire, was born in 1663. He may have owed his election to Cecil's influence, for to Cecil He entered Wadham College, Oxford, as a gentleman commoner he subsequently attributed his rise to power; but his brotherin 1678. Leaving the university without a degree, he settled in-law Sir Walter Mildmay was well known at court and in 1566 in his native county, and was returned M.P. for Worcester in became chancellor of the exchequer. In that year Walsingham 1698, 1701 and 1702. In 1705 he sat for Richmond, Yorkshire. married a second time, his first wife having died in 1564; his second was also a widow, Ursula, daughter of Henry St Barbe On the accession of Queen Anne he was made "gentleman of the horse," a post which he held till his death, noted by Narcissus and widow of Sir Richard Worsley of Appuldurcombe, captain Luttrell on the 18th of March 1708. He wrote a Dialogue conof the Isle of Wight. Her sister Edith married Robert Beale, cerning Women, being a Defence of the Sex (1691), addressed to afterwards the chief of Walsingham's henchmen. By his second Eugenia "; and Letters and Poems, Amorous and Gallant wife Walsingham had a daughter who married firstly Sir Philip (preface dated 1692, printed in Jonson's Miscellany, 1716, and Sidney, secondly Robert Devereux, second earl of Essex, and separately, 1736); love lyrics designed, says the author, to impart thirdly Richard de Burgh, earl of Clanricarde. to the world" the faithful image of an amorous heart." It is not as a poet, however, but as the friend and correspondent of Pope that Walsh is remembered. Pope's Pastorals were submitted for his criticism by Wycherley in 1705, and Walsh then entered on a direct correspondence with the young poet. The letters are printed in Pope's Works (ed. Elwin and Courthope, vi. 49-60). Pope, who visited him at Abberley in 1707, set great value upon his opinion. "Mr Walsh used to tell me," he that there was one way left of excelling; for though we had several great poets, we never had any one great poet that was correct, and he desired me to make that my study and my aim.' The excessive eulogy accorded both by Dryden and Pope to Walsh must be accounted for partly on the ground of personal friendship. The life of Virgil prefixed to Dryden's translation, and a "Preface to the Pastorals with a short defence of Virgil, against some of the reflections of Monsieur Fontenella," both ascribed at one time to Walsh, were the work of Dr Knightly Chetwood (1650-1720). In 1704 Walsh collaborated with Sir John Vanbrugh and William Congreve in Monsieur de Pourceaugnac, or Squire Trelooby, an adaptation of Molière's farce. Walsh's Poems are included in Anderson's and other collections of the British poets. See The Lives of the Poets, vol. iii. pp. 151 et seq., published 1753 as by Theophilus Cibber. says, " WALSINGHAM, SIR FRANCIS (c. 1530-1590), English statesman, was the only son of William Walsingham, common sergeant of London (d. March 1534), by his wife Joyce, daughter of Sir Edmund Denny of Cheshunt. The family is assumed to have sprung from Walsingham in Norfolk, but the earliest authentic traces of it are found in London in the first half of the 15th century; and it was one of the numerous families which, having accumulated wealth in the city, planted themselves out as landed gentry and provided the Tudor monarchy with its justices of the peace and main support. To this connexion may also be attributed much of the influence which London exerted over English policy in the 16th century. Sir Francis's great-great-great-grandfather, Alan, was a cordwainer of Gracechurch Street; Alan's son Thomas, a vintner, purchased Scadbury in Chislehurst, and Thomas's great-grandson William bought Foot's Cray, where Francis may have been born. His uncle Sir Edmund was lieutenant of the Tower, and his mother was related to Sir Anthony Denny, a member of Henry VIII.'s privy council who attended him on his death-bed. Francis matriculated as a fellow-commoner of King's College, Cambridge, of which Sir John Cheke was provost, in November 1548; and he continued studying there amid strongly Protestant influences until Michaelmas 1550, when he appears, after the fashion of the time, to have gone abroad to complete his education (Stählin, p. 79). Returning in 1552 he was admitted at Gray's Inn on January 28, 1553, but Edward VI.'s death six months later induced him to resume his foreign travels. In 1555-1556 he was at Padua, where he was admitted a "consiliarius" in the faculty of laws. Returning to England after Walsingham's earliest extant communications with the government date from 1567; and in that and the following two years he was supplying Cecil with information about the movements of foreign spies in London. The Spanish ambassador in Paris declared in 1570 that he had been for two years engaged in collecting contributions from English churches for the assistance of the Huguenots in France; and he drew up a memorial depicting the dangers of Mary Stuart's presence in England and of the project for her marriage with Norfolk. Ridolfi, the conspirator, was committed to his custody in October 1569, and seems to have deluded Walsingham as to his intentions; but there is inadequate evidence for the statement (Dict. Nat. Biog.) that Walsingham was already organizing the secret police of London. In the summer of 1570 he was, in spite of his protestations, designated to succeed Norris as ambassador at Paris. La Mothe Fénelon, the French ambassador in England, wrote that he was thought a very able man, devoted to the new religion, and very much in Cecil's secrets. Cecil had in 1569 triumphed over the conservative and aristocratic party in the council; and Walsingham was the ablest of the new men whom he brought to the front to give play to the new forces which were to carve out England's career. An essential element in the new policy was the substitution of an alliance with France for the old Burgundian friendship. The affair of San Juan de Ulua and the seizure of the Spanish treasure-ships in 1568 had been omens of the inevitable conflict with Spain; Ridolfi's plot and Philip II.'s approaches to Mary Stuart indicated the lines upon which the struggle would be fought; and it was Walsingham's business to reconcile the Huguenots with the French government, and upon this reconciliation to base an Anglo-French alliance which might lead to a grand attack on Spain, to the liberation of the Netherlands, to the destruction of Spain's monopoly in the New World, and to making Protestantism the dominant force in Europe. Walsingham threw himself heart and soul into the movement. He was the anxious fanatic of Elizabeth's advisers; he lacked the patience of Burghley and the cynical coolness of Elizabeth. His devotion to Protestantism made him feverishly alive to the perils which threatened the Reformation; and he took an alarmist view of every situation. Ever dreading a blow, he was always eager to strike the first; and alive to the perils of peace, he was blind to the dangers of war. He supplied the momentum which was necessary to counteract the caution of Burghley and Elizabeth; but it was probably fortunate that his headstrong counsels were generally overruled by the circumspection of his sovereign. He would have plunged England into war with Spain in 1572, when the risks would have been infinitely greater than in 1588, and when the Huguenot influence over the French government, on which he relied for support, would probably have broken in his hands. His clear-cut, strenuous policy of open hostilities has always had its admirers; but it is difficult to see how England could have secured from it more than she actually did from Elizabeth's more Fabian tactics. War, declared before England had gained the naval experience and wealth of the next fifteen years, and before Spain had been weakened by the struggle in the Netherlands and the depredations of the sea-rovers, would have been a desperate expedient; and the ideas that any action on Elizabeth's part could have made France Huguenot, or prevented the disruption of the Netherlands, may be dismissed as the idle dreams of Protestant enthusiasts. ham, she would sooner have seen Philip remain master of the Netherlands than see them fall into the hands of France. His final embassy was to the court of James VI. in 1583, and here his vehement and suspicious Protestantism led him astray and provoked him into counterworking the designs of his own government. He was convinced that James was as hostile to Elizabeth as Mary herself, and failed to perceive that he was as inimical to popery as he was to presbyterianism. Elizabeth and Burghley were inclined to try an alliance with the Scottish king, and the event justified their policy, which Walsingham did his best to frustrate, although deserted on this occasion by his chief regular supporter, Leicester. Walsingham, however, was an accomplished diplomatist, and he reserved these truculent opinions for the ears of his own government, incurring frequent rebukes from Elizabeth. In his professional capacity, his attitude was correct enough; and, indeed, his anxiety for the French alliance and for the marriage between Elizabeth and Anjou led him to suggest concessions to Anjou's Catholic susceptibilities which came strangely from so staunch a Puritan. Elizabeth did not mean to marry, and although a defensive alliance was concluded between England and France in April 1572, the French government perceived that public opinion in France would not tolerate an open breach with Spain in Protestant interests. Coligny's success in captivat-sentiments are still conjectural; but Walsingham was more ing the mind of Charles IX. infuriated Catherine de Médicís, and the prospect of France being dragged at the heels of the Huguenots infuriated the Catholics. The result was Catherine's attempt on Coligny's life and then the massacre of St Bartholomew, which placed Walsingham's person in jeopardy and ruined for the time all hopes of the realization of his policy of active French and English co-operation. He was recalled in April 1573, but the queen recognized that the failure had been due to no fault of his, and eight months later he was admitted to the privy council and made joint secretary of state with Sir Thomas Smith. He held this office jointly or solely until his death; in 1577 when Smith died, Dr Thomas Wilson was associated with Walsingham; after Wilson's death in 1581 Walsingham was sole secretary until July 1586, when Davison began his brief and ill-fated seven months' tenure of the office. After Davison's disgrace in February 1587 Walsingham remained sole secretary, though Wolley assisted him as Latin secretary from 1588 to 1590. He was also returned to parliament at a by-election in 1576 as knight of the shire for Surrey in succession to Charles Howard, who had become Lord Howard of Effingham, and he was re-elected for Surrey in 1584, 1586 and 1588. He was knighted on December 1, 1577, and made chancellor of the order of the Garter on April 22, 1578. | As secretary, Walsingham could pursue no independent policy; he was rather in the position of permanent under-secretary of the combined home and foreign departments, and he had to work under the direction of the council, and particularly of Burghley and the queen. He continued to urge the necessity of more vigorous intervention on behalf of the Protestants abroad, though now his clients were the Dutch rather than the Huguenots. In June 1578 he was sent with Lord Cobham to the Netherlands, mainly to glean reliable information on the complicated situation. He had interviews with the prince of Orange, with Casimir who was there in the interests of Protestant Germany, with Anjou who came in his own interests or in those of France, and with Don John, who nominally governed the country in Philip's name; the story that he instigated a plot to kidnap or murder Don John is without foundation. His letters betray discontent with Elizabeth's reluctance to assist the States; he could not understand her antipathy to rebellious subjects, and he returned in October, having accomplished little. In August 1581 he was sent on a second and briefer mission to Paris. Its object was to secure a solid Anglo-French alliance against Spain without the condition upon which Henry III. insisted, namely a marriage between Elizabeth and Anjou. The French government would not yield, and Walsingham came back, to be followed by Anjou who sought in personal interviews to overcome Elizabeth's objections to matrimony. He, too, was unsuccessful; and a few months later he was dismissed with some English money and ostensible assurances of support. But secretly Elizabeth countermined his plans; unlike Walsing For the rest of his life Walsingham, was mainly occupied in detecting and frustrating the various plots formed against Elizabeth's life; and herein he achieved a success denied him in his foreign policy. He raised the English system of secret intelligence to a high degree of efficiency At one time he is said to have had in his pay fifty-three agents at foreign courts, besides eighteen persons whose functions were even more obscure. Some of them were double spies, sold to both parties, whose real successful in seducing Catholic spies than his antagonists were in seducing Protestant spies, and most of his information came from Catholics who betrayed one another In his office in London men were trained in the arts of deciphering correspondence, feigning handwriting, and of breaking and repairing seals in such a way as to avoid detection. His spies were naturally doubtful characters, because the profession does not attract honest men; morality of methods can no more be expected from counterplotters than from plotters; and the prevalence of political or religious assassination made counterplot a necessity in the interests of the state. The most famous of the plots frustrated by Walsingham was Anthony Babington's, which he detected in 1586. Of the guilt of the main conspirators there is no doubt, but the complicity of Mary Stuart has been hotly disputed. Walsingham had long been convinced, like parliament and the majority of Englishmen, of the necessity of removing Mary; but it was only the discovery of Babington's plot that enabled him to bring pressure enough to bear upon Elizabeth to ensure Mary's execution. This circumstance has naturally led to the theory that he concocted, if not the plot, at least the proofs of Mary's connivance. Undoubtedly he facilitated her self-incrimination, but of her active encouragement of the plot there can be little doubt after the publication of her letters to Mendoza, in which she excuses her complicity on the plea that no other means were left to secure her liberation. Considering the part he played in this transaction, Walsingham was fortunate to escape the fate which the queen with calculated indignation inflicted upon Davison. Walsingham died deeply in debt on April 6, 1590. Since 1579 he had lived mainly at Barn Elms, Barnes, maintaining an adequate establishment; but his salary did not cover his expenses, he was burdened with his son-in-law Sir Philip Sidney's debts, and he obtained few of those perquisites which Elizabeth lavished on her favourites. "He had little of the courtier about him; his sombre temperament and directness of speech irritated the queen, and it says something for both of them that he retained her confidence and his office until the end of his life. Dr Karl Stählin's elaborate and scholarly Sir Francis Walsingham und seine Zeit (Heidelberg, vol. i., 1908) supersedes all previous accounts of Walsingham so far as it goes (1573); Dr Stählin has also dealt with the early history of the family in his Die Walsingham bis sur Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts (Heidelberg, 1905). Vast masses of Walsingham's correspondence are preserved in the Record Office and the British Museum; some have been epitomized in the Foreign Calendar (as far as 1582); and his correspondence during his two 1655 under the title The Compleat Ambassador, possibly, as has been embassies to France was published in extenso by Sir Dudley Digges in suggested by Dr Stählin, to give a fillip to the similar policy then being pursued by Oliver Cromwell. The ascription to Sir Francis of Arcana Aulica: or Walsingham's Manual of Prudential Maxims for the Statesman and the Courtier is erroneous; the book is really the flourished c. 1643-1659. translation of a French treatise by one Edward Walsingham who See also Webb, Miller and Beckwith's History of Chislehurst (1899) and Dict. Nat. Biog. lix. 231-240. (1879). Mr Conyers Read, who edited the Bardon Papers (" Camden" ser. | for trying cases under the grand assize, were to be chosen by a 1909), relating to Mary's trial, was in 1910 engaged on an elaborate committee of four knights, also elected by the suitors of each life of Walsingham, part of which the present writer was able to see (A. F. P.) county court for that purpose. In 1195 Hubert issued an in MS. WALSINGHAM, THOMAS (d. c. 1422), English chronicler, ordinance by which four knights were to be appointed in every was probably educated at the abbey of St Albans and at Oxford. hundred to act as guardians of the peace, and from this humble He became a monk at St Albans, where he appears to have beginning eventually was evolved the office of justice of the peace. His reliance upon the knights, or middle-class landpassed the whole of his monastic life except the six years between 1394 and 1400 during which he was prior of another Benedictine owners, who now for the first time appear in the political forehouse at Wymondham, Norfolk. At St Albans he was in charge ground, is all the more interesting because it is this class who, either as members of parliament or justices of the peace, were to of the scriptorium, or writing room, and he died about 1422. have the effective rule of England in their hands for so many Walsingham's most important work is his Historia Anglicana, centuries. In 1198, to satisfy the king's demand for money, a valuable piece of work covering the period between 1272 and 1422. Some authorities hold that Walsingham himself only Hubert demanded a carucage or plough-tax of five shillings on every plough-land (carucate) under cultivation. This was the wrote the section between 1377 and 1392, but this view is controverted by James Gairdner in his Early chroniclers of Europe old tax, the Danegeld, in a new and heavier form and there was great difficulty in levying it. To make it easier, the justiciar ordered the assessment to be made by a sworn jury in every hundred, and one may reasonably conjecture that these jurors were also elected. Besides these important constitutional changes Hubert negotiated a peace with Scotland in 1195, and in 1197 another with the Welsh. But Richard had grown dissatisfied with him, for the carucage had not been a success, and Hubert had failed to overcome the resistance of the Great Council when its members refused to equip a force of knights to serve abroad. In 1198 Hubert, who had inherited from his predecessors in the primacy a fierce quarrel with the Canterbury monks, gave these enemies an opportunity of complaining to the pope, for in arresting the London demagogue, William Fitz Osbert, he had committed an act of sacrilege in Bow Church, which belonged to the monks. The pope asked Richard to free Hubert from all secular duties, and he did so, thus making the demand an excuse for dismissing Hubert from the justiciarship. On the 27th of May 1199 Hubert crowned John, making a speech in which the old theory of election by the people was enunciated for the last time. He also took the office of chancellor and cheerfully worked under Geoffrey Fitz Peter, one of his former subordinates. In 1201 he went on a diplomatic mission to Philip Augustus of France, and in 1202 he returned to England to keep the kingdom in peace while John was losing his continental possessions. In 1205 he died. Hubert was an ingenious, original and industrious public servant, but he was grasping and perhaps dishonest. The Historia, which from the beginning to 1377 is largely a compilation from earlier chroniclers, was published by Matthew Parker in 1574 as Historia Angliae brevis. For the "Rolls" series it has been edited in two volumes by H. T. Riley (1863-1864). Covering some of the same ground Walsingham wrote a Chronicon Angliae; this deals with English history from 1328 to 1388 and has been edited by Sir E. M. Thompson for the "Rolls" series (1874). His other writings include the Gesta abbatum monasterii S. Albani and the Ypodigma Neustriae. The Gesta is a history of the abbots of St Albans from the foundation of the abbey to 1381. The original work of Walsingham is the period between 1308 and 1381, the earlier part being merely a compilation; it has been edited for the "Rolls" series by HT Riley (1867-1869). The Ypodigma purports to be a history of the dukes of Normandy, but it also contains some English history and its value is not great. Compiled about 1419, it was dedicated to Henry V. and was written to justify this king's invasion of France. It was first published by Matthew Parker in 1574, and has been edited for the Rolls" series by H. T. Riley (1876). Another history of England by Walsingham dealing with the period between 1272 and 1393 is in manuscript in the British Museum. This agrees in many particulars with the Chronicon Angliae, but it is much less hostile to John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster. Walsingham is the main authority for the history of England during the reigns of Richard II., Henry IV. and Henry V., including the rising under Wat Tyler in 1381. He shows considerable animus against John Wycliffe and the Lollards. He was See W. Stubbs, Constitutional History, vol. i. (1897); Miss K. Norgate's England under the Angevin Kings, vol. ii. (1887): W. Stubbs, preface to vol. iv. of Roger of Hoveden's Chronicle ("Rolls" series, 1868-1871). WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205), chief justiciar of England and archbishop of Canterbury, was a relative of Ranulf de Glanvill, the great justiciar of Henry H., and rose under the eye of his kinsman to an important position in the Curia Regis. In 1184 and in 1185 he appears as a baron of the exchequer employed, sometimes as a negotiator, sometimes as a justice, sometimes as a royal secretary. He received no clerical promotion from Henry II., but Richard I. appointed him bishop of Salisbury, and by Richard's command he went with the third WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812), founder of The Times crusade to the Holy Land. He gained the respect of all the newspaper, London, was born in 1738/9, probably in London, crusaders, and acted as Richard's principal agent in all negotia- and from the death of his father, Richard Walter (about 1755/6), tions with Saladin, being given a place in the first band of pilgrims until 1781 was engaged in a prosperous business as a coal that entered Jerusalem. He led the English army back to merchant. He played a leading part in establishing a Coal England after Richard's departure from Palestine, but in Exchange in London; but shortly after 1781, when he began to Sicily he heard of the king's captivity, and hurried to join him in occupy himself solely as an underwriter and became a member In 1782 he bought Germany. In 1193 he returned to England to raise the king's of Lloyd's, he over-speculated and failed. ransom. Soon afterwards he was elected archbishop of Canter- from one Henry Johnson a patent for a new method of printing bury and made justiciar. He was very successful in the govern- from "logotypes" (i.e. founts of words or portions of words, ment of the kingdom, and after Richard's last visit he was practic- instead of letters), and made some improvements in it. In 1784 ally the ruler of England. He had no light task to keep pace he acquired an old printing office in Blackfriars, which formed with the king's constant demand for money. He was compelled the nucleus of the Printing-house Square of a later date, and to work the administrative machinery to its utmost, and indeed established there his "Logographic Office." At first he only to invent new methods of extortion To pay for Richard's undertook the printing of books, but on 1st January 1785 ransom, he had already been compelled to tax personal property, he started a small newspaper called The Daily Universal Register, the first instance of such taxation for secular purposes. The which on reaching its 940th number on 1st January 1788 was main feature of all his measures was the novel and extended use renamed The Times. The printing business developed and of representation and election for all the purposes of government. prospered, but the newspaper at first had a somewhat chequered career. In 1789 Mr Walter was tried for a libel in it on the His chief measures are contained in his instruction to the itinerant justices of 1194 and 1198, in his ordinance of 1195 for the con- duke of York, and was sentenced to a fine of £50, a year's servation of the peace, and in his scheme of 1198 for the assess- imprisonment in Newgate, to stand in the pillory for an hour ment of the carucage. The justices of 1194 were to order the and to give surety for good behaviour for seven years; and for election of four coroners by the suitors of each county court. further libels the fine was increased by £100, and the imprisonThese new officers were to "keep." i.e. to register, the pleas of ment by a second year. On 9th March 1791, however, he was the crown, an important duty hitherto left to the sheriff. The liberated and pardoned. In 1799 he was again convicted for juries, both for answering the questions asked by the judges and a technical libel, this time on Lord Cowper. He had then given up the management of the business to his eldest son, William, | a sense of obligation incompatible with the perfect independence and had (1795) retired to Teddington, where he died, 16th November 1812. In 1759 he had married Frances Landen (died 1798), by whom he had six children. William Walter very soon gave up the duties he undertook in 1795, and in 1803 transferred the sole management of the business to his younger brother, John. of thought and action which he desired to maintain. It was the same jealous regard for the complete independence of The Times that led him to insist, as he did with remarkable success, upon the strict anonymity of the able men whom he selected with the eye of a general to act as his coadjutors. From about 1810 he delegated to others editorial supervision (first to Sir John Stoddart, then to Thomas Barnes, and in 1841 to J. T. Delane), though never the supreme direction of policy. Their influence was essentially due to the fact that they had a great newspaper behind them, and behind the great newspaper was the remarkable man who made it, and never ceased from giving it inspiration and direction. To unassailable independence, inflexible integrity and sure sagacity he added complete business knowledge of details, a sound judgment of men and things, and untiring energy in the pursuit of excellence in literary quality, in typography (see PRINTING), in mechanical appliances, and in the organization for the collection of news. These are the things that went to the second John Walter is that he supplied them all. In 1832 Mr Walter, who had purchased an estate called Bear Wood, in Berkshire (where his son afterwards built the present house), was elected to Parliament for that county, and retained his seat till 1837. In 1841 he was returned to Parliament for Nottingham, but was unseated next year on petition. He was twice married, and by his second wife, Mary Smythe, had a family. He died in London on the 28th of July 1847. JOHN WALTER (2) (1776–1847), who really established the great newspaper of which his father had sown the seed, was born on the 23rd of February 1776, and was educated at Merchant Taylors' School and Trinity College, Oxford. About 1798 he was associated with his elder brother in the management of his father's business, and in 1803 became not only sole manager but also editor of The Times. The second John Walter was a very remarkable man, the details of whose practice would be extremely interesting if we could recover them. But the conditions of newspaper work at that time, together with the natural reticence of one born to do, not to talk about doing, drew over his operations a veil of secrecy which there are now no means of penetrat-making of The Times, and the measure of the greatness of the ing. His greatness must be measured by the work he did. He found The Times one of a number of unconsidered journals whose opinions counted for little, and whose intelligence lagged far behind official reports, the accuracy of which they had no independent means of checking. He found it unregarded by the great except when a stringent law of libel enabled them to inflict vindictive punishment in the pillory and in prison for what in our days is ordinary political criticism. He left it in 1847 a great organ of public opinion, deferred to and even feared throughout Europe, consulted and courted by cabinet ministers at home, and in intimate relations with the best sources of independent information in every European capital. The man who, alone among contemporaries of older standing and with better opportunities, raised a struggling newspaper to a position such as no other journal has ever attained or is likely to attain in future, needs no further attestation of his exceptional ability and character. The secret of an achievement of that unique kind is incommunicable. Yet we may note some at least of the elements of John Walter's monumental success. From his father he inherited a fearless and perhaps slightly aggressive independence, to which he joined a steady and tireless energy and a concentration of purpose which are less conspicuous in his father's career. He had been associated with his brother in the management of the paper for five years before he took entire control and became his own editor in 1803. In the same year he signalized the new spirit of the direction by his opposition to Pitt, which cost him the withdrawal of government advertisements and the loss of his appointment as printer to the Customs, besides exposing him to the not too scrupulous hostility of the official world. These were undoubtedly serious discouragements in the circumstances of that day. In John Walter's way of meeting them we find a principle upon which he consistently acted through life, and which goes far to explain his success. He never allowed himself to be diverted from the pursuit of a great though distant object by any petty calculation of immediate gain or loss. He had set himself to build up a journal which all the world should recognize as independent of government favour, and which governments themselves should be compelled to respect and reckon with. He was not going to barter that splendid inheritance for to-day's mess of pottage, so he let the government do its worst and held on his way. At times the way must have been hard and the anxiety great, but great also was the reward. For the public in ever-widening circles received assurance, in an age of considerable literary and political servility, of a man who could not be bought, and a newspaper that could be neither hoodwinked nor terrorized. His determination to avoid even the appearance of being amenable to influence was forcibly illustrated when the king of Portugal sent him, through the Portuguese ambassador, a service of gold plate. It was a princely gift, and a flattering testimony to the European reputation and authority of his newspaper. Mr Walter promptly returned it, courteously recognizing the honourable motives of the giver, but stating that to accept the gift would place him under JOHN WALTER (3) (1818-1894), his eldest son, was born at Printing-house Square in 1818, and was educated at Eton and Exeter College, Oxford, being called to the bar in 1847. On leaving Oxford he took part in the business management of The Times, and on his father's death became sole manager, though he devolved part of the work on Mr Mowbray Morris. He was a man of scholarly tastes and serious religious views, and his conscientious character had a marked influence on the tone of the paper. It was under him that the successive improvements in the printing machinery, begun by his father in 1814, at last reached the stage of the "Walter Press" in 1869, the pioneer of modern newspaper printing-presses. In 1847 he was elected to Parliament for Nottingham as a moderate Liberal, and was re-elected in 1852 and in 1857. In 1859 he was returned for Berkshire, and though defeated in 1865, was again elected in 1868, and held the scat till he retired in 1885. He died on the 3rd of November 1894. He was twice married, first in 1842 to Emily Frances Court (d. 1858), and secondly in 1861 to Flora Macnabb. His eldest son by the first marriage, John, was accidentally drowned at Bear Wood in 1870; and he was succeeded by Mr Arthur Fraser Walter (1846-1910), his second son by the first marriage. Mr A. F. Walter remained chief proprietor of The Times till 1908, when it was converted into a company. He then became chairman of the board of directors, and on his death was succeeded in this position by his son John. See NEWSPAPERS: Modern London Newspapers (The Times), for the history of the paper. (H. CH.) WALTER, LUCY (c. 1630-1658), mistress of the English king Charles II. and reputed mother of the duke of Monmouth (q.v.), is believed to have been born in 1630, or a little later, at Roch Castle, near Haverfordwest. The Walters were a Welsh family of good standing, who declared for the king during the Civil War. Roch Castle having been captured and burned by the parlia mentary forces in 1644, Lucy Walter found shelter first in London and then at the Hague. There, in 1648, she met the future king, possibly renewing an earlier acquaintance. There is little reason for believing the story that she was his first mistress; it is certain that he was not her first lover. The intimacy between him and this "brown, beautiful. bold but insipid creature," as John Evelyn calls her, who chose to be known as Mrs Barlow (Barlo) lasted with intervals till the autumn of 1651, and Charles claimed the paternity of a child born in 1649, whom he subsequently created duke of Monmouth. A daughter, Mary (b. 1651), of whom the reputed father was Henry Bennet, carl of Arlington, married William Sarsfield, 297 brother of Patrick Sarsfield, earl of Lucan. On the termination | river. Prospect Hill (482 ft.) commands a magnificent view. A of her connexion with Charles II., Lucy Walter abandoned herself to a life of promiscuous immorality, which resulted in her premature death, at Paris, in 1658. Her name is often wrongly written Walters or Waters. • See Steinmann, Althorp Memoirs (1869), pp. 77 seq. and Addenda (1880); J. S. Clarke, Life of James 11. (2 vols., 1816); Clarendon State Papers, vol. iii. (Oxford, 1869-1876); and John Evelyn, Diary, edited by W. Bray (1890). WALTER OF COVENTRY (A. 1290), English monk and chronicler, who was apparently connected with a religious house in the province of York, is known to us only through the historical compilation which bears his name, the Memoriale fratris Walleri de Coventria. The word Memoriale is usually taken to mean "commonplace book." Some critics interpret it in the sense of "a souvenir," and argue that Walter was not the author but merely the donor of the book; but the weight of authority is against this view. The author of the Memoriale lived in the reign of Edward I., and mentions the homage done to Edward as overlord of Scotland (1291). Since the main narrative extends only to 1225, the Memoriale hand production. But for the years 1201-1225 it is a faithful emphatically a secondtranscript of a contemporary chronicle, the work of a Barnwell canon. A complete text of the Barnwell work is preserved in the College of Arms (Heralds' College, MS. 10) but has never yet been printed, though it was collated by Bishop Stubbs for his edition of the Memoriale. The Barnwell annalist, living in Cambridgeshire, was well situated to observe the events of the barons' war, and is our most valuable authority for that important crisis. He is less hostile to John than are Ralph of Coggeshall, Roger of Wendover and Matthew Paris. He praises the king's management of the Welsh and Scotch wars; he is critical in his attitude towards the pope and the English opposition; he regards the submission of John to Rome as a skilful stroke of policy, although he notes the fact that some men called it a humiliation. The constitutional agitation of 1215 does not arouse his enthusiasm; he passes curtly over the Runnymede conference, barely mentions Magna Carta, and blames the barons for the resumption of war. the annalist avoids attacking John, but it is more probable that It may be from timidity that the middle classes, whom he represents, regarded the designs of the feudal baronage with suspicion. tract of 100 acres, comprising this hill and an adjoining elevation, has been set aside as a public park by the city; and there are four playgrounds (total area, 62 acres) and, in the centre of the Beaver Brook Reservation and 40 acres of the Charles River city, a large common. In Waltham are some 43 acres of the Reservation of the Metropolitan park system; in the former are towards the close of the 18th century by Christopher Gore the famous "Waverley Oaks." The Gore Mansion, erected of Massachusetts in 1809-1810, and a member of the United (1758-1829), a prominent lawyer and Federalist leader, governor States Senate in 1814-1817, is a stately country house surrounded by extensive grounds in which are fine old oaks and elms. and there is an annual canoe carnival between Waltham and Above the city the Charles river is famous as a canoeing ground, Riverside, one of the most popular resorts in the neighbourhood of Boston. The city has a good public library (about 35,000 and the First Parish (Unitarian), Christ (Protestant Episcopal), volumes in 1910). Its principal buildings are a state armoury, churches. Waltham is the seat of the Massachusetts School the Swedenborgian, the First Baptist and Beth Eden (Baptist) for the Feeble-minded (established in Boston in 1848), the first institution of its sort in the country, and of the Waltham Training School for Nurses (1885), the first school to undertake the training of nurses for "day nursing" (outside of hospital wards) on the present plan, of the Convent of Notre Dame and the Notre Dame Normal Training School (Roman Catholic), of the New Church School (New Jerusalem Church), of two business schools, and the Waltham Horological School (1870), a school for practical watchmaking and repairing; here also are the Waltham Hospital (1885), the Baby Hospital (1902) and the Leland Home (1879) for aged women. In 1905 the city's factory product was valued at $7,149,697 (21.4% more than in 1900). The largest single establishment was that of the American Waltham Watch Company, which has here the largest watch factory in the world, with an annual production of about a million watches. Watch and clock materials were valued at $123,885 in 1905. In 1905 foundry and machine-shop products ($516,067). Other products cotton goods were second in value to watches; and third were are automobiles, wagons and carriages, bicycles, canoes, organs and enamelled work. company which in 1853 made the first American machine- See W. Stubbs's edition of Walter of Coventry ("Rolls" series, 2 vols., 1872-1873); R. Pauli, in Geschichte von England (Hamburg, became the Middle Precinct of Watertown. In 1738 the township The first white settlement was made about 1640 and in 1691 1853), iii. 872. WALTERSHAUSEN, WOLFGANG SARTORIUS, BARON VON increased in area, part of Cambridge being added in 1755 and (H. W. C. D.) of Waltham was separately organized. At various times it was (1809-1876); German geologist, was born at Göttingen, on the part of Newton in 1849. In 1859 one of its precincts was set off 17th of December 1809, and educated at the university in that to form part of the new township of Belmont. In 1884 Waltham city. There he devoted his attention to physical and natural science, and in particular to mineralogy. During a tour in 1834- of cotton cloth in the United States was established here in 1814 was chartered as a city. The first power mill for the manufacture 1835 he carried out a series of magnetic observations in various as an experiment by the company which built the mills and the parts of Europe. He then gave his attention to an exhaustive city of Lowell. Waltham became an important manufacturing investigation of Etna, and carried on the work with some inter-city in the decade before the American Civil War, when the ruptions until 1843. The chief result of this undertaking was his great Atlas des Ätna (1858–1861), in which he distinguished the lava streams formed during the later centuries. After his return from Etna he visited Iceland, and subsequently published Physischgeographische Skizze von Island (1847), Über die vulkanischen Gesteine in Sicilien und Island (1853), and Geologischer Atlas von Island (1853). Meanwhile he was appointed professor of mineralogy and geology at Göttingen, and held this post for about thirty years, until his death. In 1866 he published an important essay entitled Recherches sur les climats de l'époque actuelle et des époques anciennes; in this he expressed his belief that the Glacial period was due to changes in the configuration of the earth's surface. He died at Göttingen on the 16th of October 1876. WALTHAM, a city of Middlesex county, Massachusetts, U.S.A., on both banks of the Charles river, about 10 m. W. of Boston. Pop. (1890) 18,707; (1900) 23,481, of whom 6695 were foreign-born; (1910 census) 27,834. Waltham is served by the Boston & Maine railway, and by electric interurban lines connecting with Boston, Lowell, Lexington, Watertown and Newton. It is situated on a series of rugged hills rising from the town in the Epping parliamentary division of Essex, England, WALTHAM ABBEY, or WALTHAM HOLY CROSS, a market railway, 13 m. N. by E. from London. Pop. of urban district of on the Lea, and on the Cambridge branch of the Great Eastern Waltham Holy Cross (1901) 6549. The neighbouring county of hills rise in the direction of Hainault and Epping Forests. Of the Lea valley is flat and unlovely, but to the E. and N.E. low the former magnificent cruciform abbey church the only portion of importance now remaining is the nave, forming the present parish church, the two easternmost bays being converted into the chancel. It is a very fine specimen of ornate Norman. Only the western supports of the ancient tower now remain. A tower corresponding with the present size of the church was |