INDEFI

NITE.

COMPLETE.

COMPLETE.

Sing. [If, though, &c.] I have Plur. [If, though, &c.] we have

Comp. Form: If I should have been, If thou shouldst &c.

Obs. 1. This Verb contains three roots, AS, BE, and was. As appears in am = as-m; ar-t as-t; is shortened for as; are = as-e. Was is in O. E. wes-an "to be."

Obs. 2. The root be was formerly inflected for the Present Tense Indicative. Milton uses 2 pers. sing. beest (P. L. i. 84); and the plural been or bin is of frequent occurrence in the Elizabethan writers.

Obs. 3. The forms wast (Indic.) and wert (Subj.) are both comparatively modern. In O. E. wære is used as 2 pers. sing. both in the Indicative and the Subjunctive.

§ 144. The Passive Voice of any Verb is formed by adding its Past Participle to the different forms of the Verb to be.

PARADIGM OF THE PASSIVE VOICE.

TO BE BEATEN: Past Part. Beaten.

2nd Pers. Sing.: Thou shalt be 2nd Pers. Pl.: Ye or you shall be

3rd

beaten
He shall be

3rd

beaten

beaten They shall be

beaten

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.

INDEFINITE: [If, though, &c.] I be beaten.
COMPLETE: [If, though, &c.] I have been beaten.

PAST TENSE.

INDEFINITE: [If, though, &c.] I were beaten.

COMPLETE: [If, though, &c.] I had been beaten.

Compound Form: If I should be beaten, &c.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

INDEFINITE: To be beaten.

COMPLETE: To have been beaten.

GERUND.

Being beaten, [of] being beaten, [by] being beaten, &c.

PARTICIPLES.

INDEFINITE: Beaten.

INCOMPLETE: Being beaten.

COMPLETE: Having been beaten.

Compound Form: If I should have, If thou shouldst have, &c.
INCOMPLETE. [If, though, &c.] I be having, &c. [Not used.]
(Sing. [If, though, &c.] I have

Plur. [If, though, &c.] we have

had thou have

had

(Sing. [If, though, &c.] I were Plur. [If, though, &c.] we were

(Sing. [If, though, &c.] I had had Plur. [If, though, &c.] we had

Obs. 1. The Verb do is used both as a Principal and as an Auxiliary. But the old forms doest, doeth, are limited to the former use.

Examples:

"If thou doest well, shalt thou not be accepted?" (Gen. iv. 7.)
"Whatsoever he doeth shall prosper." (Ps. i. 3.)

In both which cases the Verb is a Principal.

But as auxiliary forms

"Dost thou open thine eyes upon such an one ?" (Job xiv. 3.)

"All things living he doth feed." (Milton.)

Obs. 2. Sometimes to do to answer the purpose, to be satisfactory: as, "this will never do." It then appears to be a different word from do= act, carry on, and derived from a totally distinct root. (O. E. dugan; Germ. taugen.)

3. WILL.

§ 147. This Verb is also used both as a Principal (= to be willing; to exercise the will) and as an Auxiliary. It shares with shall the peculiarity of forming the 2nd pers. sing. in t instead of st. [Compare also the forms art, wert.]