§308. Co-ordinate Sentences.-When two or more distinct statements [Simple Sentences], not dependent upon each other, are brought together by means of and, or, nor, they are said to be Co-ordinate, and are analysed as Simple Sentences.

Examples:

(1) "My orchard was often robbed by schoolboys, and my wife's custards plundered by the cats." (Vicar of W.)

Analyse-1. My orchard was often robbed by schoolboys.

2. My wife's custards were often plundered by the cats. (2) "The giant and the dwarf were friends, and kept together." (Ib.) Analyse-1. The giant and the dwarf were friends.

2. The giant and the dwarf kept together.

(3) They were all very joyful at this victory, and the damsel .... fell in love with the giant, and married him." (Ib.)

Analyse-1. They were all very joyful at this victory. 2. The damsel fell in love with the giant.

3. The damsel married him (the giant).

(4) "We had no revolutions to fear, nor fatigues to undergo." (Ib.) Analyse-1. We had no revolutions to fear.

2. We had no fatigues to undergo.

N.B.-Sentences in which the repetition of Subject or Predicate is avoided by the use of a Conjunction are called Contracted Sentences.

Obs. Sometimes the word and has rather the force of a Preposition than of a Conjunction; and then the Nouns connected by it must be treated as the conjoint Subject or Object. This is the case in such sentences as the following:-Bread and butter is wholesome fare; two and two are four; copper, zinc, and calamine stone form brass; the book costs two and sixpence.

2. ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX SENTENCES.

§ 309. The first thing to be done is to break up a Complex Sentence into Simple ones: as in the following example :

A. Complex Sentence.

"Of man's first disobedience and the fruit

Of that forbidden tree whose mortal taste

Brought death into our world, and all our woe,

With loss of Eden, till one greater Man

Restore us and regain the blissful seat,
Sing, Heavenly Muse." (P. L. i.)

B. Detached Sentences of which the above Complex

Sentence consists:

1. Sing, Heavenly Muse, of man's first disobedience.

2. Sing, Heavenly Muse, of the fruit of that forbidden tree.

3. Whose mortal taste brought death into our world, and all our woe, with loss of Eden. [Contracted sentence.]

4. [till] one greater Man [shall] restore us.

5. [till] one greater Man [shall] regain the blissful seat.

The proposition first in order of thought, and on which the others depend, is called the PRINCIPAL SENTENCE. [Here, "Sing Heavenly Muse ."] The others are called Subordinate Sentences.

§ 310. The Subordinate Sentences which go to make up a Complex Sentence are classified thus:

1. Noun Sentences.

2. Adjectival Sentences.

3. Adverbial Sentences.

§ 311. A NOUN SENTENCE is one that stands in the place of a Noun. A Noun Sentence is always either the Subject or the Object of a Verb.

Examples:

"How I came to overlook so obvious an objection is to me surprising." (Vicar of W. ch. xx.)

[Noun S., "How I came

objection," Subject to Verb "is."]

"After a few questions he found I was fit for everything in the world." (lb.)

[Noun S., "that I was fit for everything in the world,” Object of Verb "found."]

"We brought nothing into this world, and it is certain we can carry nothing out." (1 Tim. vi. 7.)

[Noun S., "That we can . . . . out," Subject to Verb “is.”]

Obs. Noun Sentences very often follow Verbs of saying and thinking [“ Verba sentiendi et declarandi"], and occur where in Latin we should have the construction, Accusative and Infinitive.

§ 312. AN ADJECTIVAL SENTENCE is one that attaches itself to a Noun, and does the work of an Adjective. An Adjective Sentence is always introduced by a Relative Pronoun or Adverb.

Examples:

"He was known in our neighbourhood by the character of the poor gentleman that would do no good when he was young."

[Adj. S., "that would do no good Noun "gentleman."]

(Vicar of W. ch. vi.) young," attaching itself to

"I was happy at finding a place where I could lose my fears in desperation." (Ib. ch. xx.)

[Adj. S., "where (= in which) I could lose myself in desperation," attaching itself to Noun "place."]

Cbs. Sentences serving in this way to define a Noun might from another point of view be called Sentence-Adjectives.

§ 313. AN ADVERBIAL SENTENCE is one that does the work of an Adverb, modifying in some way the application of a Verb, an Adjective, or an Adverb.

Examples:

"The severity of this remark I bore patiently, because I knew that it was just." (Vicar of W. ch. xx.)

[Adv. Sent., “Because I knew . . . just,” attaching itself to Verb "bore."]

"Whenever I approached a peasant's house towards nightfall, I played one of my most merry tunes." (Ib.)

[Adv. Sent., "Whenever . . . nightfall," attaching itself to Verb "played."]

(P. L. i.)

"Tears such as angels weep burst forth [Adv. Sent., "as angels weep," attaching itself to Adjective "such.”) "The picture was so very large that we had no place in the house to fix it." (Vicar of W. ch. xx.)

...

to fix it," attaching itself to Ad

[Adv. Sent., "that we had verb "so."] Usually, however, an Adverbial Sentence attaches itself to the Predicate. The words such, so, are exceptional.

§ 314. After a Complex Sentence has been broken up into Simple Sentences, each of these must be assigned to its proper class, as Noun Sentence, Adjectival Sentence, or Adverbial Sentence. All that then remains is to analyse the Subordinate Sentences according to the method already explained.

In presenting a tabular analysis of a Complex Sentence, the connective words are detached and placed in a column by themselves.

*The Relative Pronouns and Adverbs have in themselves a connective force. See § 66.

4 (and) he agreed to be my
companion

EXAMPLES OF ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX SENTENCES-continued.