458. Each member of the legislature receives for his services, three dollars for each day's attendance, and three dollars for every twenty miles of the distance from his residence to the place of meeting, to be computed both for going to, and returning from, the same. The clerk of the senate receives a yearly salary of $1200, and the clerk of the assembly, a salary of $1800; from which each clerk provides his own assistants and clerks. The chaplain, sergeant-at-arms, and doorkeeper of each house, and assistant doorkeeper of the assembly, receive for each day's attendance, the same compensation as members of the legislature.

459. The clerks of the senate and assembly provide furniture for the senate and assembly chambers, stationary, firewood and other articles, for the use of the legislature, the expenses of which are paid out of the treasury.

CHAPTER V.

Executive Department.

460. THE governor and lieutenant governor are the two highest executive efficers in the state. Their principal powers and duties are prescribed by the constitution; and correspond, very nearly to the powers and duties of the president and vice president of the United States. The salary of the governor, as established by law, is $4000 a year; that of his private secretary, $600. The lieutenant governor has six dollars a day for his attendance as president of the senate, or of the courts for the trial of impeachments, and the correction of errors; and also as commissioner of the land office and canal fund, when not

to the legislature? and how? 458. What is the compensation of members and officers of the legislature? 459. How are the furniture, stationary, &c. provided?

460. Who are the highest executive officers of the state? What

attending the session of the senate, or of the court of errors, or impeachments. He is also allowed six dollars for every twenty miles travelling, in going to, or returning from, the place of meeting in the discharge of these duties.

461. The governor, like the president, is aided, in the administration of the government, by numerous subordinate officers. The principal of these executive officers are, the secretary of state, the comptroller, the treasurer, the attorney general, and the surveyor general.

462. The secretary of state has the custody of all the books, records, deeds to the state, parchments, maps and papers to be deposited in his office. He receives from the legislature bills that have become laws, and causes them to be published. He distributes the printed laws and journals of each session, among the members of the legis lature, the executive and judicial officers, the county and town clerks, and other officers entitled to receive them. Four copies are also sent to the secretary of state of the United States. The secretary of state has a deputy, who may perform the ordinary duties of his office. The secretary of state performs the duties of superintendent of common schools. For the duties of both of these offices, he has a salary of $1500. The deputy secretary receives $1000: he serves as clerk, also, of the commissioners of the land office.

463. The comptroller superintends the fiscal or pecuniary matters of the state. He exhibits to the legislature, at its annual meeting, a statement of the funds of the state, of its revenue, and of the expenditures during the preceding year, with an estimate of the expenditures to be defrayed from the treasury the ensuing year, specifying the objects to be provided for by law. He also suggests plans for improving and managing the revenues; keeps and settles all the accounts of the state; and draws war

are their duties? What is their compensation? 461. What are the other principal executive officers? 462. What are the duties of the secretary of state? What is his salary? That of his deputy? 463. What are the duties of the comptroller? His salary? That of

rants on the treasurer for the payment of all moneys directed by law to be paid out of the treasury: and he may, in behalf of the people of the state, when necessary, borrow money to pay demands against the state. Leases, mortgages, bonds, and other securities given to the state, are kept in his office. He has a deputy who may perform most of the duties of his office. The salary of the comptroller is $2500; that of his deputy, $1500.

464. The treasurer receives all moneys paid into the treasury of the state. He is required to give a bond in the sum of fifty thousand dollars, with four or more sureties, for the faithful performance of his duties. He deposites the money that comes into his hands, in such banks in the city of Albany, as shall be deemed safe, and shall pay the highest rate of interest to the state; and he pays all warrants drawn on the treasury by the comptroller. The salary of the treasurer is $1250; that of his clerk, $800.

465. The attorney general prosecutes and defends all the suits in which the state is interested. And he may not act as attorney in any private suit, unless the people of the state be interested in the event. He receives a salary of $1000.

466. The surveyor general superintends surveys and sales of lands belonging to the state. He keeps in his office a map, and when the bounds of a town cannot be delineated, he may order a special survey to determine disputes. He has a salary of $800 a year.

467. There is appointed by the legislature a state printer, by whom all printing required by the legislature to be done for the state, or its executive officers, shall be executed, unless otherwise especially provided by law. He is required to be a printer of a newspaper, in the city of Albany, which shall be deemed the state paper, and shall be published daily, weekly, or semi-weekly, at his discre

his deputy? 464. What are the duties of the treasurer? His salary? That of his clerk? 465. What are the duties of the attorney general? His salary? 466. What are the duties of the surveyor general? His salary? 467. How is the state printer appointed? What

tion, in which every law must be published. The state printer prints a certain number of copies of the journals of each house, for the use of the members, and for distribution throughout the state; and also a specified number of copies of every bill, report, memorial, or other document, ordered by either house to be printed.

468. The salaries of the preceding, and other officers of the government, legislative, executive and judicial, together with other expenses in administering the gov ernment of the state, are paid out of the general fund. The general fund consists of the stocks, debts, and other property of the state, together with the increase and revenue thereof; all moneys paid into the treasury for duties on pedlers; and the fees of office received by the secretary of state, the comptroller, and the surveyor general. These officers receive fixed salaries; and their fees, which are established by law, are paid into the treasury, and constitute a part of the general fund.

CHAPTER VI.

Judicial Department.

469. No government can be said to be complete in which provision is not made for the effectual administration of justice. The end of all judicial power is, first, to oblige citizens to do what they should do between themselves, and to make reparation for wrongs; and, secondly, to punish them for crimes, and offences against the community. It must therefore be of the first importance, that persons possessing the soundest judgment, and unyielding integrity, be always selected to exercise this power. To secure this object, the constitution has made ample provis

are his duties? 468. How are the expenses of the state officers paid? Of what is the general fund composed?

ion in the general government; and the state constitutions, generally, embrace similar provisions.

470. The several courts constituting the judiciary of the state of New York, are the following: court of errors, court of chancery, supreme court, circuit courts, courts of common pleas and general sessions, courts of special sessions and justices' courts.

471. The court of errors consists of the president of the senate, the senators, the chancellor, and the justices of the supreme court. As a court of errors, its business is to decide cases brought by appeal from decrees in chancery, and by writ of error from judgments of the supreme court. Upon questions affecting the merits of the cause, or any point decided in either of the latter courts, the chancellor or the justices, from whose decision the appeal is brought, have no voice in affirming or reversing the decree or judgment. It has full power to correct and redress all errors that may happen in those courts. judgment of the court of errors is remitted to the lower court from which the appeal was brought, where proceedings shall be had to carry the appeal into effect. This court also tries impeachments.

The

472. The powers of the court of chancery are vested in the chancellor. Every circuit judge is vice chancellor within the limits of his circuit, and has all the original powers vested in the chancellor, in matters that arise in his own circuit, or wherein the defendants, or either of them, reside within it, subject, however, to the appellate jurisdiction of the chancellor. And all appeals from any order or decree made by a vice chancellor to the court of errors, must first be reviewed by the chancellor, and by him reversed or affirmed, except in cases wherein the latter is interested.

473. The original intention of instituting this court, was to supply the defects of the common law; and its jurisdic

469. What is the object of all judicial power? 470. What courts compose the judiciary of this state? 471. Of what officers is the court of errors composed? What are its powers? 472. In whom are the powers of the court of chancery vested? 473. For what