brick tower 67 feet high, white; built in 1827; refitted in 1854.

The oldest Light-House on the Lake, is that near Fort Niagara, built in 1813; the next oldest, is the one on Galloo Island, built in 1820. All the lights on the St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes are discontinued from January 1st until the opening of navigation, unless otherwise specially directed.

The DOMINION LIGHT-HOUSE SYSTEM is under the charge of the Ministry of Marine and Fisheries, and at the beginning of 1880 embraced 482 lights, of which Labrador had 4; Newfoundland 3; Gulf and River of St. Lawrence 140 to Montreal-19 from thence to Windmill Point near Prescott, and 10 from thence to the Lake; Saguenay River 6; Richlieu River 5; Lake Memphramagog 6; Ottawa River 16; Lake Ontario 29; Lake Simcoe 1; Lake Erie 15; Detroit River 2; Lake St. Clair 1; Lake Huron 32; Lake Superior 9; Prince Edwards Island 29; Cape Breton Island 23; Nova Scotia (Atlantic Coast) 63; Bay of Fundy 48; St. John's River 13; Lake Winnipeg 1, and British Columbia 7.

The lights from Prescott to Lake Ontario are as follows: Cole Shoal, on a pier 5 miles west of Brockville.

Grenadier Island, (S. W. Point,) 2 miles below Rockport.

Lindoe Island, 5 miles west of Rockport.

Gananoque Narrows, 5 miles below Gananoque, on Little Stave Island.

Jack Straw Shoal, on a pier, north side of channel, 3 miles below Gananoque.

Spectacle Shoal, on a pier, north side, 14 miles west of Gananoque.

Red Horse Rock, on a pier, S. E. side of channel, one mile above Spectacle Shoals.

Burnt Island, at S. E. point of Island, north side of channel,mile from Red Horse Rock.

Wolfe Island, on Quebec, or East Point of Island-and Browns or Knapp's Point, on Wolfe Island.

These are all fixed single lights, with metallic reflectors, on white square wooden towers, and were all built in 1856, except Wolfe Island Light in 1861, and that on Brown's Point in 1874.

STEAM NAVIGATION UPON LAKE ONTARIO AND THE ST. LAWRENCE.

The first Steamboat that appeared upon this Lake was the Oneida, in 1817. The boat was 110 feet long, 24 wide, and 8 deep, and measured 237 tons, and had a low-pressure cross-head engine, and a 34-inch cylinder with 4-feet stroke. She had two masts, and used sails when the wind favored. It was indeed a new era in navigation, and from this time Durham boats, bateaux, and all the pleasant associations which boat songs recall were doomed to disappear. The new steamboat was indeed a wonder in this part of the world, and at every landing crowds assembled from far and wide, to catch a view of the first wreath of smoke from her stack, and to watch and wonder as she slowly

and majestically came up, and as she independently departed on her appointed course. Every village that could muster a cannon, and every steeple that had a bell, announced the event, and joined in the welcome. Bonfires and illuminations, the congratulations of friends and interchange of hospitalities, signalized the event along the whole of the route, and the occasion was noted down as one to be long remembered. The round trip from Ogdensburgh to Lewiston required ten days. Fare, $16 in the cabin, and $8 on deck. Master, Captain Mallaby. The Oneida ran till 1832, seldom making more than five miles an hour. The Frontenac came out from Kingston not long after. From this time down, the number has been legion; but since the completion of the Grand Trunk Railway, the importance of steam navigation has greatly declined, and several fine steamers were taken down the Rapids never to return. 1

But whatever the future may determine, as regards the lines of business travel, the St. Lawrence will always, in its Islands and its Rapids, present an attractive route for tour

(1) A large amount of information concerning steamboats upon the Lake will be found in the History of St. Lawrence and Franklin Counties, (1853), and the History of Jefferson County, (1854.)

For many years Clayton was a noted place for steamboat building. Some of the finest steamers that ever appeared on these waters, came from the shipyard of Mr. John Oades of that place. Of these the New York and the Bay State,-truly magnificent in their appointments, were afterwards employed on ocean service. Other Lake steamers were used during our late war as blockade runners on the Southern coast.

ists in the Summer season. fleet of Steamers as magnificent as those of the "Ontario and St. Lawrence Steamboat Co.," which in its best days had eleven such in daily use,-while the Canadians at the same time had numerous elegant Steamers fully employed; but under the law universally true in business, that the supply will be regulated by the demand, we may confidently look for abundant comfort and elegance in these Steamers upon the St. Lawrence. The history of steam navigation scarcely presents a more remarkable freedom from accidents than does that upon this Lake and River-a circumstance due as well to the intelligence of those entrusted with their navigation, as to the sagacity of owners, who saw their true interest to consist in the certainty of their engagements, rather than in a reputation for extraordinary achievements in amount of business, or high rate of speed.

We may never again witness a

LIFE-SAVING STATIONS, were first established by the Government of the United States upon Lake Ontario, in the Summer of 1854, consisting originally of Francis's Metallic Life-Boats, with fixtures, but without buildings to shelter, or crews to manage them. The system has since been perfected as the wants of the service required.

LUMBERING UPON THE RIVER ST. LAWRENCE.

In several of the descriptions given in the preceding pages, allusion is made to woodland scenes and woodmen's labors. One of the earliest and most extensive operators in this line was William Wells, eldest son of Thos. Wells,

from Sandown, N. H., who came to Canada in 1787, and began lumbering operations about 1790, on the Island to which his name is now often applied. He would establish a shanty at a convenient point, and with the aid of hired men, work up into staves all the timber suitable to this use within convenient reach, and when this was exhausted he would remove to another place. He thus went over the whole of this Island, and other Islands in the River, until the business became no longer profitable. His market was England, by way of Quebec, to which place his stock was sent upon rafts. At a later period, Carleton Island for a short time became an important lumber station, and later still, Clayton, where for many years immense quantities of timber, brought down from the Upper Lakes in vessels, were made up into rafts in French Creek, and sent down to Quebec. It was there again loaded into vessels, for the European markets. It recent years, the foot of Wolfe Island, and Garden Island, opposite to Kingston, have been the principal lumbering stations on the River. The business has for a long time depended upon supplies brought down from distant points in the West, and is now greatly reduced from the exhaustion of supplies.

(1) Mr. Wells was born June 30, 1768, and for two years after his coming to Canada, he worked in the service of David Jones, of Brockville. He continued his lumbering operations (except as interrupted by the war) until the timber suitable for market along the River was exhausted, and then established himself upon the Bonnechere, a tributary of the Ottawa, until 1832. He then limited himself to agriculture until his death, which occurred October 10,