In the account of the fhrines, monuments, &c. in this church, particular notice is taken of the fhrine of Henry, fourth Earl of Northumberland. It is now demolished: but the occafion of the Earl's death is memorable, as he fell a victim to the unrelenting avarice of Henry VII. who had obtained a fubfidy from parliament, which bore hard on the people, and put the country into a flame. The Earl, being lord lieutenant, wrote in form to the king, of the difcontent, and prayed an abatement: the answer was, that not one penny would be excufed. Such a reply, delivered with fo little caution, excited farther tumults; and the populace entering the Earl's houfe, murdered him, with fome of his attendants.

The feveral churches and chapels in this town constitute a large part of the first volume: but St, Nicholas, we think, in this refpect, exceeds the reft. The laft article relative to it, is an account of the charity for the families of clergymen, or, as it is generally called, the fons of the clergy, for which a fermon is preached annually at this church. A few gentlemen. of the town entered into an engagement for this purpose; when, at their firft meeting, on the 5th of September 1709, the fubfcription amounted but to five pounds: So flender, (Mr. Brand obferves,) were the beginnings of this inftitution, the feeds of which may truly be faid to have fallen on good ground, and produced an hundred fold.' Two years after, 10th September 1711, the fubfcription was only 131. 11S.; but in the year 1780, they appear to have had a fund of about 20001. and in 1787 the collection at the church is faid to have been 201. 16s. and that afterward made by the ftewards, 5261. 16s.

Mr. Brand, in a note, mentions a fimilar inftitution, eftablished in the North of England, for the benefit of the widows and orphans of proteftant diffenting minifters. In the year 1766, he finds, we are told, that they put out to the corporation of Berwick on Tweed, the fum of 2971. and in 1783, it is faid, the capital ftock was 31161. 2s. 5d.

In the hiftory of All-faints, or All-hallows church, we find the following quotation from the common-council books, April 1st, 1695: "All-faints parifh humbly requeft the metal of the ftatue of King James II. on Sand-hill, towards the repair of their bells.-St. Andrew's parifh made a fimilar requeft.-Ordered, That All-faints have the metal belonging to the horse of the faid ftatue, except a leg thereof, which muft go towards the cafting a new bell for St. Andrew's parifh."

For the prefent, we leave Newcastle, to notice Gateshead, in the county of Durham, but united to the former by Tynebridge. Bede, in his Church- hiftory, mentions a place which

he

he calls Capra Caput,'-this has generally been fuppofed to mean Gateshead-quafi the Goat's Head, from the Romans having an inn at this place with fuch a fign. The etymology is uncertain, yet not deftitute of probability.-Others fay, Caput loci, fignifies the end of a place-ad caput ville, at the end of the town. Quære, May not Gatefheved' mean barely, the end of the road? no traces of a Roman road appearing northward from Newcastle. Bede might read Capra caput, instead of Via caput :-but the first account feems rather the most Likely. The fteep afcent in Gateshead, called Bottle-bank, is not fo denominated, as Mr. Brand obferves, by a corruption from Battle-bank, (from I know not what battle faid to have been fought there,) but evidently from bozle, Anglo-Saxon, a village-i. e. the bank of the village.-Thus occur in the vicinity of Newcastle, New-Bottle, Wall-Bottle, Bottle, &c. An ignorance (of,) or inattention to, the Anglo-Saxon language, has occafioned, among the learned themselves, many ridiculous errors in etymology.'

The appendix to the first volume is very large, and contains, befide acts of parliament, grants, &c. feveral obfervations on the Roman walls, which are curious and worthy of attention. A plan of the fort of Condercum, and alfo of a Roman Sudatory near the fort, was drawn in the year 1751 or 1752, by Robert Shafto, Efq; of Benwell. A fac-fimile of each of thefe plans, with the references and illuftrations, is given in two of the copper-plates inferted in this volume.

Mr. Brand appears to have made his inquiries with great attention, and to have collected, with diligence, whatever might contribute to the improvement of his work. We shall now difinifs it for the prefent, and finish this part of the article, by adding fome account of the well-executed engravings which accompany the firft volume, an enumeration of which will enable the reader to form fome farther idea concerning its contents. The portrait of Sir Walter Blackett, Baronet, introduces the hiftory, with a line of Shakespeare, viz. All our whole city is much bound to him.-A plan of Newcastle and Gateshead : we may here obferve, that the latter was united and annexed to the town of Newcastle, by an act of parliament paffed in the seventh year of Edward VI.: -An infide view of the townwall, near the church of St. Andrew :-A view of the Weftgate, which was formerly a prifon for unruly apprentices, and at prefent is the hall for the company of houfe-carpenters:A view of New-gate, fo called from being erected on the scite of an ancient one, but is now itself become very old :-Pilgrimfreet gate:-View of the town, taken from the Shield-field, on the Eaft: Statutes of the kings, Charles the Second, and

James

James the Second:-View of the ruins of the bridge, as they appeared after the fall of it in November 1771 -Part of the ancient church of St. Mary's hofpital, converted into a grammar-school :-The affembly-house :-Monaftery of Black Friars, now the property of several companies:-View of the old caftle:-Church of St. Nicholas :-Steeple of St. Nicholas's church :-Monuments in the churches of St. Nicholas and All-faints:-Old font in the late church of All-faints,-and the temporary bridge, as it ftood in 1772-Curious plate of brafs, inlaid on the table-monument of Roger Thornton, the celebrated patron of Newcastle on Tyne, in the days of Henry IV.: The Infirmary :-Roman altars, &c. :-Views and fections of the Roman wall, &c.

Several other prints of Roman antiquities occafionally ap pear on the pages of the appendix, which affords great matter for the amufement and inquiry of the ftudious antiquary.-Mr. Brand fays, that parts of Roman houfes are remaining at many places in the corner of one of them, he discovered what must have been once an oven, not unlike the ovens of the present day. At Rutchefter, he faw fome coins that had been turned up by the plough: the reverfe of one reprefented Romulus and Remus fucking the wolf; infcription, Urbs Roma. Another was of Gallienus, who reigned from A. D. 253 to 259: on the reverse, a centaur.

[To be concluded in another Article.]

ART. V. Letters on Love, Marriage, and Adultery; addressed to the Right Honourable the Earl of Exeter. 8vo. pp. 98. 2s. 6d. Ridgway. 1789."

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HE importance of the fubjects on which this letter-writer treats, muft be evident, when we confider their influence on our present happiness: infuring it, or destroying it, as we rationally, or madly, follow the impulfes of a paffion, which, though violent, fhould not be ungovernable; and which, if it cannot be altogether refifted, may at leaft be controuled, and directed to its proper end: nor can the value of a cool and impartial inveftigation of thefe matters of practical utility, these points of home-philofophy, be denied by men, whofe trueft wisdom has been justly faid to confift in gaining a knowlege of themselves:-efpecially, indeed, if it be the fact, as is here obferved, that the fubject has not been properly confidered by philofophers; that it has been mifrepresented, or abused, by enthufiafts or fanatics; and rendered ludicrous or injurious by fabulifts and poets.'-To remove thefe mifconceptions and errors, is the intention and aim of the writer of the work before REV. DEC. 1790.

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us; in which he submits to the noble Earl, to whom it is addreffed, fuch obfervations as may be useful in case of an attempt, on his part, to induce the legislature to deliberate on the laws that affect love and marriage.'

After fome introductory obfervations, the author proceeds to controvert an opinion of Lord Bacon, which, to use his own words, lays the axe at a root of a tree, which may be called moft properly "the tree of life.”—This great man repeats it as a maxim, that "undertakings of great extent and hazard, either in fcience or in patriotifm, are fuited to fingle men; not to thofe, whofe time and affections are engroffed by the connections or duties of domeftic life;" and this he urges as a fixed propofition; and in the language of advice to those who would be tranfinitted to pofterity by the fame of their talents and actions.

In oppofing this doctrine, the author appears to have miftaken his ground. He argues, that, in a well conducted fociety, no wonderful characters arife: that, though the communities might be wonderful, compared with others, the members would be loft to general view; and that each man, contributing his utmost proportion to the general prosperity, would multiply his enjoyments by general fympathies with every part of the community, and his gratifications would be greatly fuperior to thofe of vanity in fcience or in war.

In the fame manner, men in affectionate union with women, becoming focial beings, fulfilling their duties in the community, and feeling the profperity and happiness diffused through all its parts, have fatisfactions of much greater value and permanence, than any which can be enjoyed by detached or diflinguished beings, however brilliant their fortune or fame.'

All this may be, and, doubtlefs, is, very true: but it by no means militates against Lord Bacon's obfervation.-That a man's happiness does not confift in being famous, &c. is one fact but it does not hence follow that another pofition is untrue, which states, that fingle men are most likely to render themselves famous. Indeed, the reafon of the statement is /evident. A married man, with enjoyments about him, attends to his enjoyments: a fingle man, unfolaced by domeftic pleafures, muft feek other amufements, and engage in the purfuit of fpeculative enjoyments. As, then, in fingle blaffednefs, as it has been called, man has moft leifure for exertion, and as exertion is then moft neceffary, fo, probably, it will be moft ufed.--Let it not be imagined, however, that, because we thus teftify our acquiefcence in the opinion of the philofopher, we go a ftep further, and recommended the practice of celibacy to our young friends, in order to ftimulate them

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to the full employment of their talents.-Far from it. Never, indeed, in fuch of the pages, as we have hitherto perused, in our book of wisdom, could we find one chapter which taught us to relinquish the ufual and daily enjoyments of focial happinefs, for the precarious expectation, and barely poffible chance, of attaining future fame and immortal reputation.

Having fhewn that each fex is feparately imperfect, and having thence inferred the neceffity of their being united, the author proceeds to obferve, that though this union, generally confidered, is an obligation; yet, in individuals, it appears as a matter of choice. It is this idea of choice, which bestows all cur bleffings; and from controuling us in this point, our miferies arife.

Jupiter has been fuppofed (by the poets) to prevent the poffibility of error by pairing and uniting the parties, to render them infeparable. Such an act of divine power, would have insured their mifery. This is rendered probable, by the effects of every fpecies of interpofition in negociations of love. We perceive certain mischiefs or injuries arifing, in proportion as liberty is violated. And if we could fuppofe a Deity to be employed in felecting and uniting fuitable perfons through all the world, we may be affured, not one pair would have a chance for happiness.'

The writer extends this remark to parents, who are first guilty in neglecting the education of their children, and then commit injuries or outrages in attempting to atone for their errors.'

They who have given their children, or procured for them, trifling, oftentatious, or bad inftructions, have reafons for fufpecting their judgments or their hearts, in the choice of connections for life. But at fuch a period, it' must be too late to remedy the evils of education, if fuch parents were fufceptible of the intention. They interpofe their authority, and having been unnatural or cruel in neglecting the feafon of cherishing the tendencies to reafon and virtue, they think themfelves juftified in outraging nature, by denying their children privileges, which indeed they are not qualified to ufe; but which cannot be fubftituted by parental defpotifin, prudence, or avarice.'

It is owing,' he remarks at the conclufion of this letter, either to negligence or to exceffive care in the education of children, and to delpotifm in the difpofal of them, that fo many unhappy marriages take place; and that youth are introduced in fociety or affume the rank of citizens, with no rational and focial profpe, or with that of mifery.-Previous to any reasonable expectation, that men and women may be generally united for happinefs, the revolutions of the world muft form focieties for the advantage of all their members, morality muft defcend from fpeculation into life, and confift in duties, not in doctrines; education must be an exercile for thofe duties, or an apprenticeship for the bu nefs

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