new commentary. The period, in the first place, has been one of uncommon philological activity. Some of the most important helps in Greek study have been produced since the time in question. To say nothing of a host of better and more critical editions of the classics, we have had, within this period, BERNHARDY'S Syntax, 1829; HARTUNG on the Greek Particles, 1832-3; KÜHNER'S Larger Grammar, 1834-5; WINER'S Grammar on the New Testament, 1836; and still others, all of which abound in the richest materials for the Biblical interpreter. The possession of these additional means of criticism must impart, of course, a new philological feature to the work before us. Every page shows the writer's familiarity with these new stores of learning, as well as the fidelity and success with which he has applied them to the illustration of the Sacred Word. We may suppose, also, that he has been less indifferent respecting the philological character of the present commentary, on account of the charge, whether deserved or not, of inaccuracy and deficiency, which was alleged against him with reference to the first work. In the second place, no period has been so fruitful in the production of commentary on the New Testament, and on the Romans especially, as that since Prof. T. first published. His example and authority have been, no doubt, in part, the cause of this; and led the way to the appearance, in rapid succession, among others, of the commentaries of KLEE, 1830; BENECKE, 1831; RÜCKERT, 1831; PAULUS, 1831; REICHE, 1833; GLÖCKLER, 1835; KÖLLNER, 1834; OLSHAUSEN, 1835; DE WETTE, 1835; STENGEL, 1836; FRITZSCHE, 1836-9; MEYER, 1836, and some others. Hence it was necessary, or, if not necessary, required at least by the German practice in such cases, to have more or less respect to these new laborers, by controverting their views when disapproved, adducing their authority when in support of the writer, or at least assigning to them their proper place, in the classification of interpretations. The accumulation of so much new work for revision, in the interval to which we refer, must lay, as every one will at once perceive, the foundation for another important difference between these publications. Add to this, that the first was a juvenile labor, published at the beginning of the author's exegetical career, at the early age of twenty-four; while here we have a work of ripened manhood, produced under all the advantages which his subsequent almost uninterrupted employment, as an interpreter of the Scriptures, has enabled him to acquire.

The new commentary exceeds somewhat in size the original one; but the space requisite for receiving the additional materials which were to be introduced, without excluding any thing essential in the latter, has been secured mainly by omitting many of the quotations from the Fathers, and by placing at the bottom of the page, where they occupy less room, some things which stood before in the body of the work. The remarks on a single passage will illustrate the style of the commentary in general. We take, at random, c. 6: 1, 2.

"The alcovάon refers back definitely to v. 20 (of the preceding chapter). The expression there gave occasion to an irreligious inference, precisely in the same manner as in c. 3: 4, and was employed by Marcion in support of his demiurgic view of the Mosaic economy. Every truth, as Fenelon says, is accompanied by its shadow; and this is greatest, where the truth is most important. Hence it need not surprise us, that the greatest truth of Christianity should also be capable of perversion, and thus of degenerating to the most pernicious error.

This now is the case with the Christian doctrine of grace and liberty,— hence a protestation against its abuse, similar to that here, is found also Gal. 2: 17. 5: 13. 1 Pet. 2: 16. Jude 4.-Such an inference is disclaimed here with the same formula for the expression of abhorrence, un έvoro, as in c. 3: 6. The opposite truth is at first asserted only in the form of an undeniable fact; and the following verses confirm this fact by the symbolic import of the act of baptism, to which every one, who would be called a Christian, submits. Respecting oons, see on 1: 25. 'Ano0vfozɛiv tivi (Gal. 2: 19), with the dative of the respect in which.-The Aorist ά0άvouer is used, perhaps, with definite reference to the import of baptism; but perhaps only as an expression of the consciousness, the happiness of being dead to sin; and the thought of the allusion to baptism may have first presented itself to the mind of the apostle, in the act of writing the whole sentence. The complete extinction of the έOvula, the apostle would not assert by this; but only a decided determination of the will in favor of the law of God; so that henceforth they are sins of weakness only, which have control over the Christian. The direction of the soul is now towards him, who, by his love to us, has awakened our love in turn to him, and thereby has purchased us as his own possession."

H.

2. Guide for writing Latin; consisting of Rules and Examples for Practice. By JOHN PHILIP KREBS, &c. From the German, by SAMUEL H. TAYLOR, Principal of Phillips Academy, Andover. 1843. PP. 479, 12mo.

Krebs, Hand and Grysar rank among the best living writers in Germany, on Latin composition. In the higher branches of Latin philology, perhaps Hand may be regarded as superior; but in the knowledge of pure Latinity, and in practical skill in the preparation of books for youth, we think Krebs is fully his equal. That the work before us has passed through nine editions, in a country where this species of literature abounds as it does no where else, is sufficient proof of its excellence. The chief fault with those manuals which have been most used in this country, is, that they do not enter deeply into the spirit of the language: they are deficient in principles; and their rules are too mechanical. They fail in making good masters of composition. It is precisely here, that the "Guide for writing Latin" is distinguished from the mass of books on the subject, which we, for want of better, have been compelled to use. If we mistake not, the teacher will find in Krebs clearer and more satisfactory explanations of many difficult points in Latin grammar, than are to be found in any of the school-grammars in use. We will not affirm, that the study of this book alone will make pure, idiomatic and flowing writers of Latin. Nothing but the classics themselves can effect all this. A hundred pages of judicious selections from Cicero, put into the hands of the student, to be translated and explained by him, and then retranslated, and variously modified, both in construction and style, and so committed to memory, that he could not think in Latin without thinking in these familiar Ciceronean forms, would effect what no book of rules and exercises alone can do. But it is the union of these two methods, which will most readily and most thoroughly initiate the student into the mysteries of Latin style. Let these two kinds of exercise go on, hand in hand, and only a limited course of reading, especially in the academies, be adopted at first; let the grammar and

spirit of the language be studied and learned, from a small compass of reading perfectly mastered, and let the extensive reading of authors be delayed till a later period, and it cannot be doubted, that the same time now devoted to a hurried and premature perusal of the Latin classics, would make much better scholars.

We have long been accustomed to use the original work of Krebs, and know its excellence. In its English dress, it must, of course, undergo several changes. Here it is the comparison of the Latin with the English, instead of the Latin with the German, that is to be made. From a partial examination of Mr. Taylor's book,—for many passages are necessarily his own,-we have satisfied ourselves, that this critical task of unravelling the Latin-German web, and weaving it anew in Latin-English, has not fallen into unskilful hands. That it is free from gross blunders, the accurate scholarship of the translator, and the revision of Prof. Beck, of Cambridge, are a sufficient guaranty. It would not be strange, if, in this first edition, there should be wanting, here and there, an explanation of a difficulty arising from a peculiarity of the English idiom. The filling up of these chasms must necessarily be the work of time. If, as we hope, successive editions shall be called for, Mr. Taylor would perform a welcome service, were he to introduce, from time to time, such observations of his own, respecting the peculiarities of English construction, as his experience in teaching Latin composition should suggest.

The variety and arrangement of the type, to assist the eye in distinguishing examples, is admirable. The typography itself is not so fair, nor the paper so good, as we could desire.

3. Homeri Ilias. Mit erklärenden Anmerkungen, von GOTTL. CHRIST. CRUSIUS, Subrector am Lyceum in Hanover, sechstes und letztes Heft. Iliad of Homer. With Explanatory Remarks, by, G, C.

CRUSIUS. 1842.

This number completes the Iliad. The author has published also a similar commentary on the whole of the Odyssey, and à lexicon (1841) of all the Homeric writings, both the common words, and the geographical and proper names. The student, whose object is to read Homer with as much expedition as possible, and who would spare himself the trouble of collecting his materials for illustration from remote and scattered sources, will do well to procure these helps of Crusius. Almost every thing which he needs, for a cursory reading, he will here find, made ready to his hand. Zum Nachschlagen, as the Germans say, reference, for looking out the meaning of a passage, when one has not time or occasion for more exact and independent study, nothing can be more convenient than these annotations and collections of the indefatigable Crusius.

H.

for

4. Mc Culloch's Universal Gazetteer. Harpers. New York. 1843. Brande's Encyclopædia of Science, Literature and Art. Harpers. New York. 1843.

These important scientific works have already an established reputation, as the most complete lexicons that have ever appeared in their several departments. The first is a Dictionary, geographical, statistical and historical, of the various countries, places, and principal natural objects in the world. In the American edition, the articles relating to

the United States are to be re-written, and greatly multiplied and extended, and adapted to the present condition of the country, by Daniel Haskel, A. M., late President of the Vermont University.* Brande 3 Encyclopædia comprises the history, description, and scientific principles of every branch of human knowledge; with the derivation and definition of all the terms in use. Both the works are in course of publication by

the enterprising Harpers, in numbers of 112 pages each. The pages are in double columns, and in fine type, and contain a vast amount of ́reading. So rich a collection of interesting information will not easily be found, compressed within so small a space. As books of reference for frequent consultation, and as repositories of useful knowledge, we deem them invaluable, to the literary world and to the public at large. While the system of publishing books in a cheap form, in parts, is pouring upon the community a flood of pernicious trifling, we are happy that the same engine, which is thus working evil, has been also turned into a channel in which it will be productive of permanent benefit to society. Of all the works issuing in this form from the same press, none are the fruit of greater research, or more worthy of a large and permanent circulation.

5. A Discourse, delivered at the One Hundredth Anniversary of the Organization of the Baldwin Place Baptist Church, July 27, 1843. With an Appendix. By BARON STow, Pastor. Boston. Gould, Kendall & Lincoln. 1843. 107 pp. 18mo.

This discourse, published by request of the Standing Committee of the Society, is an excellent condensed history of the Second Baptist church in Boston. The limits of the sermon permitted little more than a detail of leading events. An interesting appendix contains many documents in extenso, and additional statements, which will be read with pleasure, and serve as valuable contributions to aid the future historian. The church originally consisted of seven individuals. It has had seven pastors, and has been destitute of a pastor seven years and a half. The whole number who have belonged to the church is 2272; its present number is 849. The number of ministers who have belonged to the church is 43. How many of them were licensed to preach by this church is not stated. The little work, which is handsomely printed and bound, will be interesting beyond the circle of the existing society. Many former members of the church and congregation, who are scattered in various regions, will take pleasure in so vivid an exhibition of scenes which transpired in the days of their fathers, or which are still fresh and fragrant in their own recollection.

*The principal English Gazetteers which have appeared are Cruttwell's Universal Gazetteer (London, 1808, 4 vols., 4to.), the Edinburgh Gazetteer (6 vols., 8vo., 1817-1822), with an abridgment (1 vol., 1829), and Worcester's Gazetteer (2d ed., Boston, 1823, 2 vols., 8vo), which is especially valuable for America. The subject can be treated in a very extended manner. A French Gazetteer, by La Martinière, was published at Amsterdam in 1726, in 10 vols. fol. McCulloch, by great condensation, and a uniform system of abbreviations, states a vast number of facts within a small space. The earliest work of the kind was by Stephens of Byzantium, who lived in the beginning of the sixth century. An abridgment only

remains.

6. Historisch-kritische Einleitung in das Neue Testament. Von HEINRICH E. F. GUERIKE, Prof. der Theol. zu Halle. 1843. Historico-critical Introduction to the New Testament.

This work will be welcomed by all among us who take an interest in Biblical studies. Even those who may feel constrained to dissent from some of the author's views, will be glad to see a work which represents so fully the direction of religious opinion to which the writer belongs, and which brings down the criticism and literature of the subject on both sides to so recent a date. Still greater favor must it receive from those who find their own opinions supported by it to so great an extent and with so much ability, and who recognize in it so many marks of a positive Christian interest in the subjects discussed.

Professor Guerike does not appear, by any means, as a new laborer in this field of study. Some twelve years ago, he published a valuable work on the same general subject, but with the more limited design of counteracting the errors and skeptical tendencies of de Wette's N. T. Introduction. He has been, since then, constantly engaged, as a teacher, with the same investigations, and consequently gives us here the fruits of prolonged and ample preparation. The work is said to have won its way already to the favorable regard of the critical public in Germany, and we cannot but anticipate for it a similar recognition here.

We subjoin the author's opinion on two or three points of interest in N. T. criticism. On the question of the original language of Matthew's Gospel, he conciliates the two extreme opinions, and holds both to a gospel written by this apostle in Hebrew, and to the Greek original of our canonical Matthew. He contends that the historical testimony requires the admission, that the apostle wrote for the Palestine Jews in their own dialect, but, at the same time, that the authority of our Greek Matthew, from the very first, as well as its own internal character, affords incontestable ground for regarding it, not as a translation, but an original work, either from Matthew himself, or some one whose relation to him, like that of Mark to Peter, or that of Luke to Paul, stamped it with apostolic authority.

In agreement with the prevalent opinion of German critics at present, he supposes that Paul was liberated from the imprisonment at Rome, mentioned in the Acts, and that he suffered a second captivity, which terminated in his martyrdom. In the interval between these events, he wrote the pastoral epistles to Timothy and Titus.

With regard to the authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews, he concedes the question of its Pauline origin, in the strict sense of the expression, but insists on its Pauline authority, and its full claim to the canonical rank which it occupies. He supposes, that it may have been written under the eye and at the instance of the apostle Paul, by some disciple of his, possibly Apollos, but as to the manner, with a certain degree of independence and individuality on the part of the latter; and that thus, both the peculiarities of style which have been supposed to distinguish this epistle, as compared with the other writings of Paul, as well as the divided testimony of the early church respecting its author, admit of a natural explanation; while at the same time the epistle remains as really a work of the apostle, and has as fully the sanction of his name and authority, as if it had proceeded from his own hand. No critic has defended the strict Pauline origin of the letter to the Hebrews with more ability than Prof. Stuart, of our own country. Dr. Guerike speaks of