or purple in tint. On removing the bandage, the cyanosis first disappeared, then the cedematous swelling; next the red patches gave place to a diffused blush of the whole arm; and lastly this disappeared, leaving only the minute red spots, which remained for several hours or even days. Comparing these appearances with those observed by Cohnheim in a rabbit's ear as the result of mechanical venous obstruction, there can be no doubt that the minute red spots above mentioned are extravasations, either of red blood-corpuscles or of their hæmoglobin in solution.

2. Similar experiments were next tried by Dr. Auspitz on the arms of persons suffering from measles, variola, and other cutaneous diseases.

a. In the cases of measles, it was observed that the large red patches above mentioned coincided with those of the eruption; and that beside the minute ecchymoses, larger spots of cutaneous hemorrhage sometimes appeared.

b. The effect in cases of urticaria was less marked. The wheals were more prominent, and minute ecchymoses were not more frequent (perhaps less so) than in the normal skin.

C. In ordinary small-pox, there was intense congestion of the bases of the pustules, and the points of cutaneous hemorrhage were both more numerous and larger than in a normal arm; but there was never any extravasation of blood in the pustules themselves.

d. In cases of hemorrhagic variola, the whole of the arm below the ligature became rapidly covered by a dark-blue lividity, which concealed all minor shades of color. This was the case even when there were few or no pustules; and when these were present, they were not themselves the seat of extravasation of blood.

e. The ligature applied to the arm of patients suffering from scarlatina had little or no effect beyond that observed in the experiments above noted on the normal skin.

f. In "scorbutic affections - erythema nodosum, morbus maculosus Werlhoffii, purpura rheumatica, and scurvy proper" — Dr. Auspitz was surprised to find the effect of the ligature trifling. There was no scarlet injection of the skin and no ecchymosis. This seems to confirm the old belief (recently called in question by Cohnheim) that purpura depends on a change in the blood itself, and not on any difference of pressure in the circulation, or on anatomical lesions of the blood-vessels. London Med. Record.

DIGESTIVE FLUIDS IN THE FETUS.-A. Moriggia (Revista Clinica, 1873; abstract in Cent: alblatt für die Medicinischen Wissenschaften, No. 22, 1874) has investigated more than a hundred embryos (chiefly of the cow), from the most different periods of development, and has found that the digestive power of the mucous membrane of the stomach is present, and can be demonstrated, not only in the sixth and fifth, but also in the fourth and third months of pregnancy. The salivary glands, on the contrary, have no digestive properties either in the fœtus or in the newly born. (Compare Schiffer and Korowin, Journal of Anat. and Phys., Vol. VIII.) The bile-forming function of

the liver begins very early. When the liver begins to produce glycogen could not be accurately ascertained; for even at the earliest period of development of the liver, almost all the embryonal tissues contain glycogen or glycose. Embryos which have been preserved for a long time at the temperature of the body, in Moleschott's acetic acid mixture, were by the action of their own gastric juice completely digested, without a trace of them being left. To self-digestion the author seeks to ascribe the disappearance of dead embryos in closed cysts. The parts of such embryos which generally remain to the last are either those which are widely removed from the stomach (e. g. head) or those which afford resistance to the digestive power of the gastric juice (e. g. hair, bones). From the constant presence of amniotic fluid in the stomach and of amniotic epithelium in the meconium of the embryo of the cow, it is to be concluded that a constant swallowing of the amniotic fluid takes place in the embryo.— London Med. Record.

STAMMERING. The treatment of this defect is now carried on with much success in France by M. Chervin. His method has been the subject of a favorable report to the Academy of Medicine, in which we find a sketch of the system. The training begins by a respiratory practice, in which the patient learns to steady his voice while regulating the respiratory rhythm. Then follows the practice of vowels, which, in fact, constitutes the gymnastics of articular phonation. Lastly comes the demonstration of the functions which the tongue and lips have to perform, and of the shape which the mouth should assume in the pronunciation of each letter of the alphabet. This concludes the initiatory practice. Afterwards we have the combination of letters, vowels and consonants, in the different and respective positions which they may occupy; and, finally, words and periods, with the intonation and expression which they require. The whole consists in gymnastically educating the organs of speech, the excellent results being due not so much to actual muscular work as to the precision with which the practice is carried out. The success depends on an effort of the will on the part of the patient to reproduce with the utmost precision a particular movement. The will of the teacher must take the place of the patient's will, as the latter is unable to regulate the movements dictated by it.

M. Chervin justly remarks that stammering is a kind of chorea of the muscles of respiration and phonation. To remedy this, he advises slow and measured gymnastic exercises of respiration, this being the first part of the treatment. It is shown above that he combats the unruly movements of the tongue and lips by subjecting these organs to muscular exercise. This method seems thus perfectly rational, and the Government have been advised by the Academy of Medicine to give M. Chervin pecuniary support. Lancet.

THE following cases are intended as an illustration that the vale of similars holds good in very severe cases, and that a great and salutary effect is often produced by medicines which are often neglected on account of their simplicity and supposed want of energetic action.

I. A women aged forty, of excellent development and good health, became subject to uterine hemorrhage, preceded by cessation of menses for a month or two. Such attacks had occurred several times in the course of a year, and may have been owing to the commencement of the climacteric age, though the physical and mental condition of the patient counter-indicated such an inference. On the 12th of May, '75, she was again attacked with hemorrhage, which proved very obstinate; lasting with brief intermissions till May 30, at which time. the case presented the following symptoms: constant oozing from the vagina of dark, or brownish-red discharge, resembling lochial blood, of intolerable odor; occasionally this flow was interrupted by gushes of bright-red blood, followed for a day or two by discharges of clots, which gradually diminished in size, and at length gave way to the offensive ichorous discharge again. Digital and occular examination revealed only slight enlargement and some induration of the neck of the womb. The uterine sound showed some enlargement of the uterine cavity. During the examination, the odor of the discharge was most overpowering, resembling that of advanced stage of

cancer, and leading to a strong suspicion of the existence of malignant disease.

Creosote and Crocus were of no avail, and on the 12th of May, she received a dose of Chamomilla, 3a cent. dil., one drop in one half goblet of water, a teaspoonful every three hours. From that time, there was a decided improvement; the discharge and odor disappeared by the second day entirely, and did not return. The patient, who had been confined to bed from weakness, soon was able to be up and about, and has menstruated quite regularly ever since.

II. The same medicine soon afterwards proved its great usefulness in a very different, though much more striking case:

A woman aged about fifty-five, who was spending the summer at the seaside, had been troubled for three weeks with most violent cramps of the flexor muscles of the legs. These cramps came on every night, beginning at the feet, and extending upwards to the hips, involving both legs, and causing most intense agony. The least motion brings on an attack at night in bed; every breath of air or coolness of the bed has the same effect, producing fearful cramps. To avoid these causes, she wears heavy winter stockings all night, and covers her legs with heavy pillows and blankets, to ward off the attack, which makes her perfectly helpless while it lasts; at other times she has much twitching and coldness on the dorsal portion of her feet.

This state of health followed an attack of cholera, and dates from that time. The cholera, again, was preceded for three months by intense itching of both legs from the feet to the hips. The itching was so violent as to cause her "to tear herself to pieces with scratching," especially at night when retiring.

The prescription consisted in four drops of Chamomilla, 3a, upon sacch. 1., each powder to be dissolved in half a goblet of water, and a teaspoonful to be taken every three hours. This was on July 8. A week later, the lady came to report great improvement. The first night after beginning with the medicine the cramps were perceptibly less; she soon needed no more pillows or blankets. In another week she was quite well of the cramp; the violent itching had diminished very much,

and was lessening every day. For this remnant, Rhus. 20th was prescribed, and the patient, who was well pleased with the result so far, promised to report in a week if there was no further improvement. I have no doubt she would have kept her word had she needed more medicine, which did not seem to have been the case.

EUPHRASIA IN PARALYSIS N. OC. MOT.

BY GEO. S. NORTON, M.D., NEW YORK CITY.

Peter V., age 52, dark complexion, laborer, was sent to me, at N. Y. Ophthalmic Hospital, by Dr. McNeil, of Jersey City, for treatment of his eye, on March 29, 1875.

The following brief history was obtained: Five days ago he found upon awakening in the morning that everything appeared double to him. This continued through the day, the double images becoming farther and farther separated, until soon he noticed that the upper lid began to droop, when he became alarmed, and applied for relief. The only cause found, from which this trouble could have originated, was exposure to cold and wet, which the nature of his work made necessary. He had been troubled with rheumatism, but not at the present time. No syphilitic symptoms could be detected; had been troubled with no headache, and seemed to be in excellent health generally. Status præsens. Right eye was normal and vision equal to 28, Hm. = 5 Left eye, complete ptosis, no action at all in the levator of the upper lid. Upon raising the lid, the eyeball was seen turned far outwards, and no amount of exertion could turn it inward beyond the median line. On attempting to move it, a slight rotary movement downward and outward was perceived, showing that the superior oblique still retained its activity. The pupil was widely dilated and ciliary muscle wholly paralyzed, as shown from the high degree of presbyopia. The refracting media were clear and fundus normal. Vision was only 28, on account of the hyperopic structure of the eye, but could be made perfect with proper convex glasses. Diplopia was present in the right field of vision and in the

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