has an entire leaf, though serrated, and the groundivy, though crenate; while the leaf of the blue passion-flower, though palmate, is a FOLIUM integerrimum; its margin being free from any kind of breach.

69. FOLIUM repandum, a repand leaf (repandus, bowed or bent backwards, Lat.). Draw a number of curves, or cut the edge of a piece of paper, as at (a) Fig. 42.; (1.1.1.) are sinuses or hollows, and (2.2.2.) are segments of small circles placed between them. When the outline of a leaf describes such sinuses and intermediate circular segments, it is a repand leaf. (b)

70. FOLIUM sinuatum, a sinuated leaf (sinus, a bay, Lat.), having deep rounded indentations like an oak-leaf. (c)

71. FOLIUM undulatum (undula, a little wave, Lat.), when the leaf rises up and down at the mar gin in a waved direction. Fig. 43. (a)

72. FOLIUM crispum, curled. (b)

73. FOLIUM plicatum, plaited, "folded like a fan," the plaits being acute; as in Ladies' mantle. (c)

1

74. FOLIUM erosum, gnawed (erodo, to gnaw off, Lat.).

75. FOLIUM cartilagineum, cartilaginous (cartilago, a cartilage or gristle, Lat.), when the margin is composed of a substance harder than the rest of the leaf.

76. FOLIUM glandulosum, glandular (glans, a gland, Lat.).

SURFACE.

77. FOLIUM rugosum, wrinkled, as in sage.
78. FOLIUM bullatum, blistered.

79. FOLIUM lacunosum, pitted on the upper surface.

80. FOLIUM punctatum, dotted, which appearance usually arises from glands imbedded in the substance of the leaf.

81. FOLIUM coloratum, of any colour but green.

The remaining terms which we intend to notice,

82. FOLIUM adpressum, close to the stem, as if pressed to it by violence.

83. FOLIUM alternum, alternate.

84. FOLIUM amplexicaule, surrounding the stem by its base.

85. FOLIA approximata, or conferta, leaves so close to each other that they hide the stem from view.

86. FOLIUM connatum, a connate leaf (con, together, and nascor, to grow, Lat.).

We have seen that the perfoliate stem runs through the leaf. In the connate leaf, the stem runs through, not really a single leaf, but two leaves united at their bases, so as to seem like one. The cauline leaves of the Fullers' thistle (Dipsacus fullonum) afford good examples. It not unfrequently happens that connate leaves are concave like a kind of cup, and the rains collect in this, so that the stem is completely surrounded by water at the places from which the leaves arise. From this circumstance the generic name of the teasel, Dipsacus, is taken; being derived from divɑ (dipsa), thirst," from the concave situation of its leaves, which will hold water, by which the thirst of the traveller may be relieved."

This plant is well known in England, being cultivated on account of its heads, which the clothiers use for raising the nap on cloth. "The leaves, (Gerard says) growe foorth of the iointes by couples, * Parr's London Medical Dictionary.

not only opposite or set one right against another, but also compassing the stalke about, and fastened togither; and so fastened, that they hold deaw and raine water in manner of a little bason." * Parkinson says, that the water collected in these reservoirs becomes bitter, and therefore not fitted to quench, but rather to increase thirst. + This is, however, of little or no consequence in these climates, in which the traveller can have little difficulty in obtaining more satisfactory sources from which to alleviate his thirst. But there are countries where the rains fall only at very remote periods; where whole regions consist of burnt-up wastes, or the barren sand stretches like an ocean beyond the horizon's verge; where no fountain bubbles; no streamlet runs, and even the dews of night deny the solace of their tears. In situations like these we may conceive how delicious to the traveller would be even such a bitter draught as is contained in the leaf of the teasel. And, indeed, we have much cause to admire the resources which vegetables afford, from which the pain of thirst may be allayed. Sometimes a reservoir of water is formed in the base of a leaf; sometimes in the hollow of a stem; sometimes in appendages constructed for the purpose; and sometimes the sap-vessels themselves so abound in fluids, that when cut, the latter flow in abundance: while in other instances, fruits * Herbal, p. 1005. + Theatre of Plants, p. 985.

in the most arid soils, consist of a cool and semifluid pulp.

Many species of the Tillandsia, or wild pine, a parasitic genus, common in the West Indies, and the hotter parts of America, have their leaves so hollowed at their base as to be capable of holding above a pint of fluid. "When we find these pines," says Dampier, "we stick our knives into the leaves just above the root, and that lets out the water, which we catch in our hats, as I have done many times to my great relief." There is a species of bamboo in dry mountainous situations in the Brazils, the young shoots of which, being filled with a cool and pleasant liquid, afford a most grateful beverage to the wearied hunter.+ The Jamaica grape-vine, or water-withe, (Vitis Labrusca,) is still more useful. A piece of this, of the length of three feet, furnishes about a pint of clear water, "which (according to Brown,) has saved the lives of many who have wandered long in the woods, without any other refreshment of a liquid sort." Among fruits, the cocoa-nut is remarkable for affording a grateful fluid, but none, perhaps, is so extensively beneficial as the water-melon, whose growth no sterility of soil, nor defect of moisture, can retard. The peninsula of Araya, which is rocky, and sometimes for fifteen months is not re

* Voyages, vol. i. p. 58. See also Brown's Jamaica, p. 194. and Prince Maximilian's Travels, p. 81.

↑ Prince Maximilian, p.147.