Richmond, Duke of, scheme for reform, ii.
520.

Riots, the Gordon, ii. 498-500; Chief Justice
Tindall on the Bristol riots, 500; Riot Act
of George I., 500; Hyde Park, 534.
Ripon, treaty of, ii. 300.
Rivers, in fence, i. 390.

Robert, duke of the French, i. 219.
Robert Fitz-Walter, leads the barons against
John, i. 379.

Robert of Jumièges, archbishop of Canter-
bury, i. 228.

Robert the Magnificent ("Devil"), duke of
the Normans, father of William the Con-
queror, i. 220.

Robert the Strong, grant made to, by Charles
the Bald, i. 219.

Rochelle, failure of the expedition for its
relief, ii. 266.

Roches, Peter des, i. 394, 397.
Rochester, besieged by John, i. 393.
Rochester, Earl of, dismissed from office, ii.

401.

Rockingham, ministry of, ii. 501; effect of
his death on his ministry, 505..
Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, justiciar, his ad-
ministrative reforms, 244; organizes the
curia regis, 274, 280, 301.
Rolf, his settlement at Rouen, i. 219; grant,
made to, at Clair-on-Epte, 220; his baptism
and marriage, 220; acquires Bayeux, 220.
Rolle, John, case growing out of dispute over
the customs, ii. 274, 275; case in the house
of commons, 275, 276.

Romance languages, their origin, i. 83.
Rome, the greatest example of the city com-
monwealth, i. 6; extension of her fran-
chise, 6; court of, diplomatic relations
resumed with, ii. 403.

Roses, War of, i. 557-560, 563.
Rouen, taken by the Northmen, i. 219; Rolf's
settlement at, i. 219, 220, 225.
Roundheads, origin of name, ii. 314.
Rousseau, theory of the social contract, ii. 392.
Royal commission, investigation of local
government, ii. 567.

Royal courts of justice, constructed and
dedicated, ii. 591.

Royalists, not compensated, ii. 360; gain the
ascendency in national affairs, 363; ef-
forts to injure the presbyterians, 364.
Runnymede, Great Charter signed at, i. 380;
treaty of, ii. 2; its fruits, 3.

Russell, Lord John, secures the civil dis-
franchisement of dissenters, ii. 427; early
stands for reformation in representation, |

523; his moderate resolutions for reform
in representation, 524; measure of reform
drafted March, 1831, 528; proposes mea-
sures of reform in 1852 and 1854, 533;
proposes to lower the franchise in 1860,
534; becomes premier, 534; reform bill
of 1866, 534; superseded by Derby, 534;
delivers the memorandum of the queen
to Lord Palmerston, 549, 550.
Rutledge, John, i. 62, 72.
Rye-house plot, ii. 388.

SAC and soc, grants of, i. 209, 210, 254, 450,
457; question as to time of origin, 209,

210.

Sacheverell, Dr., impeached by Whigs, ii. 449-
Sacu, its meaning, i. 209.

Safety, Committee of, appointed by parlia-
ment, ii. 319.

St. Albans, assembly at, in 1213, i. 376, 465;
knights summoned to, in 1261, 465; battle
of, in 1455, 557; second battle in 1461, 559-
St. Asaph, Dean of, Dialogue between a Gen-
tleman and a Farmer, ii. 489.

St. David's, Bishop of, case of, i. 532.
St. John, Oliver, resists benevolences, ii. 239;
fined and imprisoned, 239.

Saladin tithe, assessment of, i. 298, 358, 451.
Salic Law, no trace of feudal nobility in,,i.

222.

Salisbury, issues new book of rates, ii. 229.
Salisbury, gemot of, i. 268, 269, 564.
Salisbury, Richard Neville, earl of, i. 558;
taken prisoner at Wakefield, 559; be-
headed, 559.

Sancroft, Archbishop, refuses to take oath
of allegiance to William and Mary, ii. 431.
Sandys, Sir Edwin, imprisoned, ii. 247.
Sarotti, on bribery in English elections, i
378 n.

Savoy Conference, ii. 364.

Savoy, Duchess of, protest against the Act
of Settlement, ii. 422.

Sawtre, William, case of, ii. 117, 146.
Saxons, not recorded by Tacitus, i. 114;
mention of, by Ptolemy, Marcianus, and
Eutropius, 114, 115, 119; their homeland,
115; only a portion of, pass into Britain,
115; use of the name, 115; kingdoms of,

150.

"Saxon Shore," meaning of the name, i.
119.

Scabani, Schöffen, Echevins, Frankish sys-
tem of, i. 304.

Schmalkald, League of, formed, ii. 87.
Scir gerefa. See Sheriff.
Scotland, conquered by Edward I., i. 419;
the covenant of 1557, ii. 169; Calvinistic
model of church government applied, 213;

growth of a national representative assem-
bly, 213; office of bishop abolished, 213;
James VI. compelled to yield to the aboli-
tion of episcopacy, 213; attempted settle-
ment by admission of prelates to parlia-
ment, 214; question of union with Eng-
land, 221, 227; debate on, 227-229; ques-
tion of post-nati and ante-nati, 227-229;
English house of commons repeals all hos-
tile legislation, 228; attempt of Laud to
force uniformity on, 295, 296; resistance in
Edinburgh, 296; covenant signed at Grey
Friars, 296; treaty of Berwick signed, 297;
episcopacy abolished, 297; letter from
covenanters to Louis XIII., 297, 298; war
renewed by Charles I., 300; the treaty of
Ripon, 300; demands adoption of presby-
terian system in return for aid, 325, 326;
its forces join those of parliament, 326;
Charles I. tries to use against parliamen-
tary party, 309; the Incident, 309; Charles
I. takes refuge in, 334; surrenders the
king to parliament, 335; Charles I., by
promising to establish presbyterianism in
England, secures aid of, 337, 338; subju-
gated by Cromwell, 345; rebellion led by
Argyle and Monmouth, 395; William III.
suggests union with England, 447; scheme
of union with England completed, 448;
representatives in parliament, 448; resist-
ance to the Catholic Relief Act, 498;
franchise regulated by the Reform Act of
1832, 531; perpetuation of the peerage,
540; question of the absorption of peerage
into that of united kingdom, 543.
Scots, ravage Roman Britain, i. 119.
Scratton, T. E., does not support the theory
of the Roman parentage of the manor, i.
116.

Scroggs, Chief Justice, on licensing of the
press, ii. 380.

Scutage, instituted by Henry II., i. 283, 284,
296, 297, 358, 565, ii. 7; limited by the
Great Charter, i. 296, 384; increased by
John, 374; regulation of, omitted in the
reissues of the charter, 421; a tax on the
lands of the tenants in chivalry, ii. 8; ap-
pears for the last time, 8; provides a fund
for the hiring of mercenaries, 195.
Secretary of state, origin and growth of the
office, ii. 178; members of the council
under Henry VIII., 178; title of "our
principal secretary of estate" conferred on
Robert Cecil, 178; secretaries under Henry
VIII. become, 557; appointment of a
third, 557; establishment of a home and a
foreign department for, 558; appointed
for the business of the colonies, for war,
and for the affairs of India, 558.

Sedgemoor, battle of, ii. 396.
Seebohm, Frederick, his theory of the Ro-
man parentage of the manor not supported
by evidence, i. 116; on the extent of the
virgate and normal hide, 293.
Self-Denying Ordinance, ii. 328.
Senlac, battle of, i. 230.
Sergeantries, i. 361.

Settlement, Act of, ii. 422, 423; excludes
office-holders from the commons, 425, 443,

444.

Seymour, Jane, married to Henry VIII., ii.
84.
Shaftesbury, Earl of. See Cooper, Ashley.
Sharp, Dr., resists James II., ii. 400.
Shelburne, Lord, becomes prime minister, ii.
505.

Sheriff, origin of the name, i. 199; represent-
ative of the king in the shire, 199, 200,
258, 305, 448; modern official duty of, 311;
decline in his judicial powers, 319, 388,
448; writs to, 336, 387, 450, 465, 467, 494;
his position, 448; appointment of, 448,
449; his tourn and leet, 452; his rela-
tion to the town, 454, 461-463, 469, 470;
question as to his power of extending
franchise, 470; procedure of, under the
election writ, 471, 473; his procedure in
elections regulated by the commons, 526-
529; becomes purely civil officer, ii. 198;
decline in his judicial powers, 574; his
present functions, 574, 575; superseded
as head of the county by the lord lieutenant,
575-

Sherley, Thomas, case of, ii. 220.
Sherman, Roger, i. 71, 72.
Ship-money, its origin, i. 187, 292, ii. 265;
used by Elizabeth, ii. 265; attempted use
by Charles I., 265; issue of 1634, 286, 287;
opposition to, 287; extended by Charles
I. to include inland counties, 287, 288;
resistance to, 288, 289; John Hampden and
the issue of 1636, 289, 290; validity sus-
tained, 290; all proceedings concerning,
annulled, 304, 305.

Shire, made up of hundreds, i. 27, 105, 123,
134, 145, 303, 446, 485; aggregation of,
forms the kingdom, 27, 105, 123, 134, 145,
170, 172; use of the word, 96, 106, 145,
171; early, its identity with the modern
hundred, 34, 145, 171, 173, 193, 198; early
and modern, distinction between, 170, 171;
purest development of the shire system
in Wessex, 172; government of, 198-201,
338; representative principle in, 303, 356,
416, 430, 446, 465, 466, 475, 484; rights of
its communities guaranteed by the Great
Charter, 386; shire system introduced
into Wales, 409; origin and structure of

its communities, 445 et seq.; survives the
Conquest, ib.; its Norman name, 447.
Shire-moot, equivalent to the Continental
hundred-court, i. 124; germs of represent-
ative principle in, 143, 200, 202, 203, 303,
416, 450, 468, 484; primitive, survives in
the hundred-court, 173; its constitution,
200; survives the Conquest, 202, 255, 304,
446; justices from the curia regis sit in,
247, 258, 280, 317, 360, 447; results of
the union, 248, 258, 281, 315, 319, 335;
continued by William the Conqueror, 254,
327; use of, by William Rufus and Henry
I., 255; its ancient presidents disappear
after the Conquest, 258; attendance at,
enforced by fines, 304; attendants of, re-
stored by Henry I., 305; composition for
non-attendance at, 306; reorganized by
treaty of Wallingford, 306. See County
Court.

Shrewsbury, parliament of, 1511.
Sibthorpe, sermon in favor of Charles I.,
ii. 264.

Sidney, Algernon, convicted for complicity
in the Rye-house plot, ii. 388.
Siegberht, king of the West Saxons, deposed,

i. 190.

Slaughter-house cases, the, i. 76.
Slaves, under the Teutonic system, i. 97, 99,
126; in England, 126–128.

Smith, Adam, his Wealth of Nations, ii. 508;
effect on Pitt, 508.

Smith, Lucy T., her definition of the gild
system, i. 458.

Smith, Sydney, on the holding of boroughs,
ii. 467.

Smithfield, persecutions at, ii. 143.

Social contract, theory of, ii. 392; Hobbes

on, 392; Locke on, 393; theory con-
demned at Oxford, 393, 394.

Society for Supporting the Bill of Rights,
organized, ii. 496.

Society of the Friends of the People, on par-
liamentary representation, ii. 470.
Soen, meaning of term, i. 209.
Sohm, Rudolph, on the hundred constitution,
i. 106, 107; on the principle of folkland, 138.
Solicitor-general, right to sit in house of
commons admitted, ii. 442, 443.
Somers, John, chairman of the committee
which drafts the Declaration of Right, ii.
414; on party government, 445.
Somerset, Duke of (Hertford), sympathy for
the laboring class, ii. 123; appoints Enclo-
sure Commission, 123; end of his protec-
torate, 124.

Somerset, Duke of, killed in battle of Tewkes-
bury, i. 584.

Somerset, Earl of. See Carr, Robert.

Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, duke of, i.
555; his rivalry with Richard of York,
556; his death, 557.

Sommersett, James, case of, ii. 382.
Sophia, marries the elector of Hanover, ii.
243; crown vested in, by the Act of Settle-
ment, 422, 423.
Southampton, Earl of, removed from the
office of lord chancellor, ii. 113.
South Saxons, converted by Wilfrid, i. 159.
Sovereignty, Teutonic conception of, i. 9;
tribal grows into territorial, 9.

Spain, the Spanish alliance, ii. 138; threat-
ened invasion of England, 164; James I.
proposes marriage alliance, 244; drives
Frederick V. from Bohemia, 244; end of
marriage negotiations with James I., 250.
Speaker of the house of commons, election
of, i. 480, 521.

Speech, freedom of, in house of commons, i.
522-524.

Spencer, Herbert, quoted, i. 8o.
Spitalfields, demonstration of silk-weavers,
ii. 495.

Stafford, Lord, trial and execution, ii. 385,
386.

Stamfordbridge, battle of, i. 230.
Stamp Act Congress, the, i. 55-
Standing army, ii. 18.

Stanhope, Lord, pamphlets on the reform of
representation, ii. 520.

Stanley, Lord, impeached, i. 442, ii. 245.
Star chamber, court of the, its origin, i. 252,
517, ii. 23, 25; older literature on the his-
tory of, ii. 25 n.; its final form, 27; its pro-
cedure, 27: its tyranny, 27; overawes the
ordinary tribunals, 36; its vast powers as
a court of original jurisdiction, 181; super-
vision of the law courts, 181; censorship
of the press, 181, 182, 379; puts the print-
ing trade in the hands of the Station-
ers' Company, 182; punishes libels, 182;
powers extended by Charles I., 285; abol-
ished, 306, 382; law of libel first adminis
tered in, 487.

"State," use of the word, i. 1, 2, 96; the Greek
conception of, 4, 6; Aristotle's view of,
4, 5 as a nation, 6, 8; modern conception
of, 6, 10; formed by the union of hundreds,
107; described by Tacitus, 109.
State assembly, the, described by Tacitus, i.
107, 108; in America, power of taxation,
general and local, vested in, 43.

Stationers' Company, monopolizes printing,
ii. 182; authorized to destroy unlawfully
printed books, 182.

Statutes, origin of, i. 494; distinguished from
ordinances, 496, 497; of Marlborough,
404 of Westminster, 406; of Gloucester,

407; of Mortmain, 407, ii. 95; of Mer-|
chants, 409; of Winchester, 409, 410, 453;
of Westminster II., 408-410; de donis
conditionalibus, 410, 412; of Westmin-
ster III, 412; of Laborers, 507, ii. 47,
121; de hæretico comburendo, 537-539,
572; quia emptores, 566; of Præmunire,
570, ii. 59; of Provisors, 570, ii. 59; of
Staples, ii. 15; of Fines, 30; de asportatis
religiosorum, 59; of Uses, demands for
its repeal, 85; of Six Articles, 91-93; con-
cerning Uses and Wills, 96; establishing
the right of device, 96; of Limitations, 96;
as to superstitious uses, 96; as to com-
mon recoveries, 97; assuming care of the
poor, 98; authorizing laymen to sue for
tithes, 99; relating to bankruptcy, 99; of
amendment and jeofail, 99; of Bridges,
191; of Winchester, military system per-
fected, 197.

Steele, Sir Richard, expelled from the com-
mons for libel, ii. 483.

Stephen, his accession, i. 276; anarchy of his
reign, 276, 282, 565; his treaty with Henry
of Anjou, 277; his death, 277, 283.
Stephen, Sir James Fitzjames, on the local
courts before the Conquest, i. 202; on the
law of impeachment, 442; on the estab-
lishment of religious liberty in England,
ii. 430.

Steward, lord high, office of, i. 243, 440.
Stockade, trial, ii. 490, 491.

Storie, John, punished by house of com-
mons, ii. 203.

Stow-on-the-Wold, defeat of Astley at, ii.

Strickland, reprimanded, ii. 207.
Strode's case, i. 523.

Stubbs, Bishop William, on the character of
Teutonic settlement in Britain, i. 12; on
the Teutonic element in Italian consti-
tutions, 83; on the Teutonic origin of the
English constitution, 90; on the position
of the freeman in the Teutonic society,
97; on the village council, 104; on the
development of the comitatus, 132; on the
historical township, 137; on the merging
of the alod in the bookland, 140; on the
parish, 144; the hundred, 145; on the unity
of the English Church as the model for
the unity of the state, 161; on the origin
of terra regis, 178; on tithings, 198; on
the germs of representation, 202; on the
trial jury, 206, on sac and soc, 209, 210,
457; on the beneficium, 223; on William
the Conqueror's claim of kingship, 232;
on the development of privy council,

252; on the condition of England under
Stephen, 276; value of his sketch of
Henry of Anjou, 278; on the fusion of
Old-English and Norman elements in Eng-
lish constitution, 279; on the reign of
Henry II., 280; compares assizes with
capitularies, 291; on the curia regis under
Henry I. and Henry II., 301; on the
Forest Courts of Knaresborough, 314; on
representation in convocation, 344; his
definition of the commons, 356; on the
Great Charter, 381; on the status of the
city, 458; on the relations of gild and
town, 460; on the election of knights of
the shire, 467; on the qualifications of
electors, 494; his definition of the differ-
ence between statute and ordinance, 467;
on the judicial supremacy of the king, ii. 24.
Subsidy, instituted, i. 491; grant of, for life,
to Richard II., 511, ii. 16; to Richard III.,
586; general, granted Henry VIII., ii. 41;
as used by the Tudors, 41 n.; granted by
parliament to James I., 245; their use dis-
continued, 362.

Succession. See King.

Sudbury, borough, offers to sell its represen-
tation to highest bidder, ii. 468.
Suffolk, house of, claims to the throne, ii.
132, 211; claims ignored, 211.

Suffolk, William de la Pole, duke of, im-
peached, i. 442; as earl, his leadership in
council, 555; his fall, 555.

Suffrage, qualifications for, i. 473–475; limi-
tation on, in New England, ii. 281.
Sunderland, Lord, advises a parliamentary
ministry, ii. 440, 441, 444; organizes first
Whig ministry, 447.

Supplies, i. 501, 502; right of auditing ac-
counts of 501, 502; grant of, 524, 525, 540,

541.

Supreme Court of the United States. See
Judicial System.

Survey, the Great, number of manors at time
of, i. 253; based on hides and carucates,
295; result of a vast inquest, 326. See
also Domesday.

Surveyors of highways, created, ii. 191; duty
of, 191.

Swegen, king of the Danes, his invasion of
England, i. 214, 234; his death, ib.
Swiss Confederation, i. 49; influence of its
federal union on the United States, 51; its
requisition system, 52.

TACITUS, historic value of his Germania, i.
6, 7, 94; his description of the Teutons,
97 et seq.; records Teutonic mythology,
113; Angles mentioned by, 115; on family
land, 136; on right of feud, 195.

Taine, H. A., his definition of the Teutonic
conquest of Britain, i. 86; on the English
constitution, 90.
Talliage. See Taxation.
Taltarum's case, i. 412, ii. 97.

Tariff, i. 491.

Taswell-Langmead, on the position of the
house of commons, i. 526.

Taxation, inherent power of, not possessed
by American corporations, i. 41-43; in
England, its beginning, 187; Old-English,
292-294; probable origin of talliage, 293,
297; hide as a unit of assessment, 293,
297, 358; by the Norman kings, 294 et
seq., under Henry II., 358; under Richard
I., 359; opposition to, 361-363; imposi-
tion of taxes in 1203, 1204, and 1207, 374;
the fifteenth, of 1225, 396; impositions of
1295, 1296, and 1297, 418-420; regulation
of, 427; affected by, the representative prin-
ciple, 451; during the Norman period, 482;
the primary cause of representation, 484,
485; transition from special to general
consent in, 486; growth of the exclusive
right of parliament to authorize, 486, 488,
490; imposition of a talliage, 1304, 487;
origin of indirect, 488; talliage extinct,
488, 490; imposition of poll-taxes, 508;
parliamentary right to authorize, secured,
ii. 5; under William the Norman, 5;
under Old-English commonwealth, 5;
danegeld imposed by king and witan, 6;
feudal incidents from the time of William
the Conqueror, 6; danegeld compounded
for by the towns, 6; Henry II. institutes
scutage, 7; enforcement of the poll-tax of
1381 leads to the Peasants' revolt, 9; king
deals separately with three estates, 10;
transformation of feudal taxes into na-
tional taxes, 13; history of benevolences,
29 n., 44; pressure of, under Henry VIII.,
42; of parish for poor relief, 189; Tudor
subsidies, 225; decrease in the value of
customs met by increase of duty, 225;
James I.'s impost on tobacco and currants,
225, 226; question of their legality, 226,
230, 237, 238; James I.'s revival of benevo-
lences, 238, 239; summary of, under the
later Stuarts, 395; benevolences revived,
238, 239; free gifts of Charles I., 264;
ship-money revived by Charles I., 265; il-
legal, forbidden by the Petition of Right,
269, 270; quarrel of parliament and Charles
I. over customs, 284, 285; forms of royal
taxation used by Charles I. 285, 286; ship-
money as a permanent tax, 288; power of,
declared to be in the king in parliament,
305; use of parliamentary ordinances,
323, 324; origin of the excise, 324; royal

taxation at Oxford, 324; use of excise,
324; laying of an hereditary and a tempo-
rary life excise under Charles II., 362;
imposition of hearth-money, 362, discon-
tinuance of subsidies, 362; assessment sys-
tem applied to the clergy, 362; general
effect of commonwealth legislation upon,
363; as it existed under the later Stuarts,
395; excise as part of the royal revenue,
419; revenue derived from, to be expended
by parliament, 420; Tudor subsidy super-
seded by assessments, 433; assessment on
incomes, 433; change in rate of assessment,
433, 434; Mr. Pitt makes William III.'s
land tax perpetual, 434; tax on hackney-
coaches imposed, 434; stamp duties intro-
duced, 434; stamp duties applied to the
press, 494; duties on paper, 494; triple
assessment tax used by the younger Pitt,
511; income tax used by the younger Pitt
becomes permanent, 511; revenues de-
rived from, 556; consideration of, by the
committee of ways and means, 561, 562;
parish a unit for, 573. See also Aids;
Customs; Scutage; Ship-money.

Temple, Sir William, ministry to the Hague,
ii. 370; scheme for the reorganization of
the privy council, 378; failure of his
scheme, 378; conveys the king's wishes on
the East India Bill, 506.

Tenants in chief, i. 179; name gradually dis-
placed by thegn. See under Thegn.
Terra regis, origin of, i. 178, 312; folkland
passes into, 233, 236.

Test Act, effect of, ii. 370-372; violated by
James II., 396, 397; repealed, 427.
Teutons, description of them by Tacitus, i
7; idea of the city never fully developed
among, 8, 95, 101, 125; their tribes grow
into nations, 8; their conception of sov-
ereignty, 9; character of their invasions
and settlement of Britain, 10, 12, 27, 122;
character of their Continental conquests
and settlements, 81 et seq.; Roman in-
fluence on, 82, 83, 120, 122, 149, 150, 155;
their conquests in Britain, 84 et seq.; their
continued heathenism in Britain, 83, 155;
contrasted with their other conquests,
86, 155; carry their institutions to Britain,
89, 120; description of, by Cæsar, 91-93;
race traits of, 94; disconnectedness of
their political organization, 95, 101, 102;
distinctions of rank among, 97-99, 125 et
seq.; ownership of land, 99-101, 125, 126;
method of agriculture and division of
land, 101-104; Teutonic society formed
by aggregation, 104-106, 123, 124; state
assembly of, 107, 108; elective kingship
among, 109, 128; their military organiza