months, 373, 374; final dissolution, 375; |
Charles II.'s third, continuation of the
impeachment of Danby, 375; bill disabling
catholics from sitting in, 377; resolutions
of 1681 against the duke of York, 386;
question of its existence without a writ,
409; examples of parliaments so called,
409, 410; Convention, called by William
of Orange, 410; declares itself the two
houses of parliament, 411; question of va-
lidity of its acts, 411; division of parties in,
412; declared a parliament, 418; of 1690,
grant of customs limited to four years,
419; annual meetings secured by making
the vote of supplies annual, 420, 421; the
Triennial Bill, 421; placemen in, 441, 442;
control over the revenue, 551; expendi-
ture of the national income by, 556.
Parr, Catherine, married to Henry VIII., ii.

ΙΟΙ.

Parry, Dr. William, expelled by house of
commons, ii. 203.

Parson, presides over vestry meeting, ii. 186.
Parties, origin of, in England, 308, 309;
further divergence, 309; members of the
royalist party, 309, 310; organization and
objects of the country party, 372; William
III., opposition to, 440, 441; opposition of
Anne, 447; Tory, formed, 502.
Passive obedience, Dr. Sacheverell preaches
on, ii. 449. See also King.
Paston Letters, The, on use of rotten
boroughs, ii. 464.

Patterson, William, his "New Jersey Plan," i.
71.

Patrick, Saint, i. 157.

Patroon, meaning of the word, i. 34; as lord
of the manor, 34.

Pauli, Reinhold, his sketch of Simon of
Montfort, i. 400.

Paulinus, converts the Northumbrians, i.
156, 162; takes refuge in Kent, i. 157.
Pavia, battle of, ii. 54.

Peacham, Edmond, convicted of libel, ii. 239;
tortured, 239, 240; prosecuted and sen-
tenced for treason, 240.

Peada, son of Penda, his marriage and con-
version, i. 158.

Peasant Revolt of 1381, ii. 9, 122.
Peel, Sir Robert, on reform in representation,

ii. 525; insists on the resignation of the
principal ladies of the queen's court, 548,
549; act for the creation of the metropoli-
tan police force, 576, 577.

Peerage, English, definition of, i. 350, 353,
354; identical with house of lords, 350,
354, 434, origin of its constitutional basis,
435; its hereditary privileges, 435; degrees
of dignity, 436, 437.

Peeresses, trial of, i. 440.
Peers, methods of creating, i. 35, 436; trial
of, 439-442, 520; privileges of, 519, 520;
created for bribery purposes, ii. 471; re-
duction of number of spiritual lords by
the destruction of greater monasteries,
540; lay peers created by the Stuarts,
540; union of Scotland adds sixteen re-
presentative peers to, 540; attempt of the
Whigs to limit the power of the crown to
increase, 459-540; small increase under
George I. and George II., 540; great in-
crease in the peerage by George III., 541;
question of the creation of life, 545-547;
modernness of most existing peerages, 547.
See also Lords, House of.
Pelham, Henry, his "broad-bottomed" ad-
ministration, ii. 462.

Penda, king of the Mercians, defeats and
kills Eadwine, at Hatfield, i. 157, 158, 162;
defeats and slays Oswald at the Maserfeld,
158, 162; his relations with Oswiu, 158,
162; slain, 159, 163.

Persecution, origin, ii. 147; in Mary's reign,
147, 148; under Elizabeth, 161, 167, 168,
173; under James, I., 219–224.
Peterborough, Lord, on the privy council and
the cabinet, ii. 451.

Peters, Hugh, returns to England, ii. 330.
Peter's pence, forbidden by act of parlia-
ment, ii. 72.

Petition, procedure by, i. 493-495; presented
to Charles II., ii. 384; origin of the right
to, 496; employed during the revolution of
1640, 496; restraining statute of Charles
II. on the use of, 496; used by Shaftesbury
to suppress catholicism, 496, 497; right of,
recognized in the Bill of Rights, 497; im-
prisonment of Kentish petitioners, 497;
use of, in modern sense, begins in 1779,
497, 498; against the Catholic Relief Acts,
498, 499.

Petition of Right, substance outlined by
Wentworth, ii. 268; given form by Coke,
268; circumstances of its preparation, 269;
compared to the Great Charter, 269; for-
bids illegal taxation, 269; forbids arbitrary
imprisonments without due process of law,
270; forbids billeting of soldiers and mari-
ners, 270; forbids proceedings under mar-
tial law, 271; saving clause proposed by
Arundel, 271; adopted in its original
form, 272; Charles I. explains the meaning
of, 273; question if it embraced the cus-
toms, 274; complaint as to its enrollment,
275.

Petrarch, effect on Italy, ii. 33.
Petre, Father, admitted into James II.'s coun-
cil, ii. 403.

Pevensey, William the Conqueror lands at,
i. 230.

Philip II. of France, receives homage from
Arthur of Anjou, i. 364; wins Normandy
from John, 365; defeats John at Bouvines,

377.

Philip II. of Spain, reasons for his marriage
with Mary, ii. 139; attempts to conciliate
the English nation, 140; favored by the
regency bill, 143.

Philology, comparative, results of the science
of, i. 2.

Picts, ravage Roman Britain, i. 118, 119.
Pigott, Sir Christopher, denounces Scottish
nation, ii. 227; expelled from the com-
mons and imprisoned, 227.
"Pilgrimage of grace," ii. 85.

Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, i. 62, 71.
Pinkie Cleugh, ii. 116.

Pipe rolls, i. 247, 302, 305, 317.

Pitt, William, the elder. See Earl of Chat-
ham.

Pitt, William, the younger, allies himself with
his father's political friends, ii. 504; enters
parliament from Appleby, 504; opinions of
Burke and Fox on, 504, 505; declines a place
in the Rockingham ministry, 505; becomes
chancellor of the exchequer, 505; declines
to become premier, 506; becomes the
king's minister, 507; appeals to the con-
stituencies from parliament, 507; becomes
the leader of the trading classes, 508; sus-
tained by the constituencies, 508; estab-
lishes a Tory ascendency, 508; on the
need of a prime minister, 509; his "Triple
assessment for 1798," 511; attempts to re-
move Irish commercial restrictions, 513,
514; his scheme of union with Ireland,
514; forced to resign, 515; contends for
the right of parliament to provide a re-
gency, 516; denunciation of nomination
boroughs, 519; resolutions for reform in
representation, 521; last scheme for the
reform in representation, 521, 522.
Plague, in London, ii. 257, 258.
Plautius, Aulus, general of Emperor Clau-
dius, begins conquest of Britain, i. 117.
Pleas, Common, i. 245, 388; court of, 249,
515; of the crown, 256, 317, 448, 449.
Plymouth, settlement of, i. 18; incorporated
with Massachusetts Bay, 19.
Plymouth Company, the, chartered by James
I., i. 17; dissolved, 19.
Pole, Cardinal, advocates Mary's marriage
alliance with Philip, ii. 137; in Flanders,
138; commissioned by Philip II. to con-
ciliate the English nation, 140; grants the
power to alienate real property, 140;
enters London, 141; becomes supreme in

church and state, 149; legatine commis-
sion revoked by Paul IV., 150; accused
of heresy, 150.

Pole, Michael de la, impeached, i. 441.
Police system, primitive, i. 197; develop-
ment, 197, 198; under Edward I., 410,
453; the ancient system superseded, ii.
576; modern system originates in Peel's
Act of 1829, 576, 577; policemen required
by the act of 1856, 577; present composi
tion, 577, n.

Politics, use of the word, i. I, 2; compara-
tive science of, 2; its results, 3.

Pollock, Sir F., on the amoλis àvýp, i. 5;
on the composition of London, 191,
450.

Poll-tax, i. 508.

Poor Law Board, poor law administration
vested in, ii. 572.

Poor, relief, in the Middle Ages, ii. 97; tithes
for, 97; transferred from church to state,
97; poor laws, enacted, 98; beginning of
the parochial system, 98; vagrancy act of
Edward VI., 118; repealed, 125; cared for
in the Middle Ages by means of tithes,
188; relation of the state to, 188; care of,
becomes the special business of the mon-
asteries, 188; care of, devolves upon the
state after the dissolution of the monas-
teries, 188; clergy to exhort every one to
contribute for the care of, 189; compul
sory contributions inaugurated by Eliza-
beth, 189; act of 1601 establishes present
system of, 189; overseers for, 189; poor-
houses, work-houses, and work supplied
for, 190.

Pope. See Papacy.

Popham, Chief Justice, and the Virginia Com-
pany, ii. 233, 234.
Popish plot, ii. 376, 377.
Portland, Duke of, cost of contesting an
election, ii. 470; his ministry, 506.
Port-meadow, Oxford, survival of folkland
in, i. 136.

Posse comitatus, ii. 190; right of the sheriff
to call out, 575.

Poundage, i. 492; grant of, to Richard III.,
586.

Poyning's Act, brings Irish parliament under
the control of the king's council, ii. 176,
177; effect on Ireland, 512.
Præcipe, writ of, i. 389.
Prerogative, i. 518.

Presbyterians, negotiations with Charles I.,
ii. 334, 335; struggle with the independents,
335-338; their creed condemned, 364; act
of uniformity, and an act for regulating
corporations devised to injure them, 364.
See also Dissenters.

President of the United States, his kingly
powers, i. 47, 69; office modelled on George
III., 47, 69.

Press, censorship exercised by the star cham-
ber, ii. 181; under Elizabeth, 181, 182;
printing without a special license pro-
hibited, 182; printing monopolized by the
Stationers' Company, 182; licensed printers
limited, 295; censorship over, by the star
chamber, 295, 379; censorship under Crom-
well, 350; system of licensing, 379; right
of censorship passes from the church to
the crown, 379; censorship during the
reigns of James I. and Charles I., 379;
censorship exercised by the Long Parlia-
ment, 379; Milton's Areopagitica on cen-
sorship, 379; licensing act of 1662, 379,
380; declaration of Scroogs, 380; licensing
act renewed under James II., 380; parlia-
mentary censorship expires in 1695, 380;
restrictions on printing of parliamentary
debates, 474; John Wilkes and "The
North Briton," 480, 481; accused of mis-
representing speeches in parliament, 484,
485; printers deny right of commons to
commit, 485; acquires right to print par-
liamentary debates, 485, 486; separate
galleries constructed for reporters, 486;
subject to the law of libel, 486, 487; effect
of the French Revolution on the freedom
of, 493; freedom restrained by taxation,
494.

Pride's purge, ii. 338.

Prime minister, leadership of cabinet vested
in, ii. 453; Walpole the first in modern
sense, 460; authority becomes fixed under
younger Pitt, 462; Pitt's view of, 509; be-
comes the personal choice of the king,
510; allowed to select his colleagues, 510;
controls state affairs with consent of crown,
550; right to dismiss ministers who do not
accept the will of the majority in cabinet,
550; present status of his control over the
conduct of foreign affairs, 550, 551; limi-
tation in his choice of colleagues, 554;
usually first lord of the treasury, 559; ex-
ceptions, 559. See also Cabinet; Minis-
try.

Primogeniture, i. 354, 435.

Printing, discovery of, aids in the distribution
of the New Learning, ii. 33; Caxton and,
34. See also Press.

Prior of Malton, case of, i. 532.

Prisage, i. 488.

Privilege, question of, in the house of com-
mons, ii. 275, 276.

Privy council, the curia regis survives in, i.
251; judicial character of, under the Tudor
dynasty, 252; its modern development,

66

252, 547; its growth under Henry VI.,
546, 547; charges against Anne Boleyn
laid before, ii. 84; origin, 178; division
of its members into two classes, 178,
179; inner working body becomes the
modern cabinet, 179; forbidden to en-
croach on ordinary judicial tribunals, 307;
habeas corpus allowed those persons com-
mitted by it, 307; system of inner circle
councillors passed on to the Stuarts, 368;
use previously, 368; Charles I.'s use of an
inner circle of councillors, 368; legislation
of the Long Parliament affecting, 368, 369;
revived by Charles II., 369; Temple's
scheme for its reorganization, 378; repeal
of the article in the Act of Settlement
which attempts to revive, 423, 424; story
of the struggle for party supremacy in,
449, 450; its present membership, 565;
surviving judicial authority exercised by
the judicial committee, 565; surviving ad-
ministrative functions, 565; numbers and
tenure of members, 565; qualifications,
565; oath of office, 565; creation of the
education department of, 580, 581; control
over vaccination and prevention of disease,
585.

Privy seals," ii. 45 n.; used, 258.

Probate, court of, substituted for ecclesias-
tical courts, ii. 589.

Proclamations, those of Henry VIII. given
the force of law, ii. 179; used in Edward
VI.'s reign, 180; under Mary, 180; limit
reached under Elizabeth, 180; practice and
legal theory relative to proclamations con-
trasted, 180.

Proof, Teutonic conception of, i. 205; in-
quest by, 206.

Property in land, primary forms of, i. 99;
origin and growth of, 134, 138, 139, 178;
forfeiture of, under William, 236; real,
assessment of, under Richard I., 362; op-
posed, 363; personal, taxation of, 488,

491.

Prophesyings," organized, ii. 172; Grindal
refuses to suppress, 172; their restoration
advocated, 218.

Protector, office of, bestowed on Cromwell,
ii. 348; duties of, 348, 349; use of the
ordaining power by the, 349; office to be
elective after Cromwell's successor, 352;
office set aside, 356.

Protestants, persecuted, ii. 92; demands for
reform in the devotional system, 102;
revolt against, 121; cause of, injured by
Northumberland, 134; Wyatt revolt, 138;
Protestant Union formed, 243; oppressed
in Germany, 244; English enthusiasm for
German, 244; their cause menaced by the

Irish rising, 310, 311; rebellion in Scotland
under Argyle, 395; James II. attempts to
placate non-conforming, 401; leaders of,
resolve to invite William of Orange to
England, 406.

Protestation, of the house of commons, 1621,
ii. 250.

Province, the, of the Franks, i. 222.
Provisions, use of the term, i. 292.
Provisions of Oxford, i. 401, 448, 498; of
Westminister, 401.

Prynne, William, his Histriomastrix, ii. 294;
sentence against, 294, 295; released from
prison, 304.

Ptolemy, his record of the Saxons, i. 114,
115; of the Angles, 115.
Public Accounts Committee, ii. 557.
Public meeting, struggle for the right of, ii.
494, 495; act of Edward VI. against, 495;
effect of, on the Excise Bill, and on the bill
for protection of silk-weavers, 495; Middle-
sex leads in the use of modern public
meetings, 495, 496; held in the interest of
the reform bill, 529.

Purchase, system of, i. 613.

Puritan revolution, origin, ii. 210-320;
principal events during, 320-339; results,
340-342.

Puritans, the, opposition to the established
church system, ii. 171; coercive measures
against clergymen, 171; a Puritan conven-
ticle suppressed, 171; assault on the epis-
copate, 171; prophesyings" organized,
172; punishment of the authors of the
Martin Mar-Prelate tracts, 172, 173; as-
saults upon, 173; accept Calvinistic con-
ception of a Christian commonwealth, 200;
intrench upon the claims of the Tudor
sovereigns, 202; demands made in the
Millenary Petition, 217; at the Hampton
court conference, 218; James I. declares
against, 218; accuse James I. of papistry,
219; persecuted by James, 223, 224; clergy
driven from their livings by James I., 224;
opposed by Arminians under the leader-
ship of Laud, 253, 254; distrust of Charles
I., 254, 255; conformity forced upon the
clergy by Laud, 293; oppose the royalist
party, 310; statement of their attitude
upon the religious question, 311, 312; no
toleration for Arminians and separatists,
312; make a stand for responsible min-
isters, 312; division over the abolition of
episcopacy, 313; called Roundheads, 314;
effect on the modern constitution of Eng-
land, 322.

Purveyance, i. 390; bill against, ii. 221; re-
strained, 306.

Pym, John, not in James I.'s second parlia-

ment, ii. 237; leadership in the Long Par-
liament, 301; his idea of the plan of action
for the popular party, 301; motion re-
quiring that the king accept councillors
approved by parliament, 311; proposes an
excise tax, 324 n.; seeks Scottish alliance,
325; death, 326; his objects, 340.

QUAKERS, right of affirmation granted, ii.

427.

Quarter-sessions, court of, its origin, i. 453;
jurisdiction of, 454; tries lesser offences,
ii. 192; controls local police system, 193;
becomes the supreme administrative body
of the county, 193; absorbs the adminis
trative work of the county, 574.

Queen, Peel's demand for changes in the
queen's court, ii. 548, 549.

Questions, may be propounded to the cabi-
net, ii. 563, 564; limitation on the right of
questioning, 563, 564; addressed to mem-
bers outside of the cabinet, 564.

RALEIGH, SIR WALTER, lost colony of, ii.
233.

Ramsay, Sir J. H., on the nature of the
feudal system, i. 222.

Randolph, Edmund, governor of Virginia,
his speech on the "Virginia Plan,” i. 70,

72.

Ranulf Flambard, i. 255; his systematic es-
tablishment of feudal tenures, 239, 255,
271, 272.

Ranulf Glanvill, justiciar, i. 244; his legal
treatise, 302, 413; on recognitions, 329;
imperalist theories, 382, 424.

Rathbone, Mr., on the complexity of local
government, ii. 583, 584.

Rebellion, in the north, causes of, ii. 85;
suppression, 86; history of, 86.
Recognitions, institution of, i. 287, 328-331,
450.

Record commission, publications of, i. 415.
Recruiting. See Military System.
Recusancy, penalties for, ii. 167; recusants
restrained to certain places of abode,
167 n.

Redesdale, Lord, On the Dignity of a Peer,ïi.
546.

Redwald, king of the East Angles, converted,
i. 156; his relapse to heathendom and
his death, 156.

Reeve (gerefa), i. 143, 203, 207, 255, 298, 303,
376, 416, 446, 462, 468, 484.
Reeves, John, on Bracton, i. 414; on the
adoption of liveries, 566.

Reformation, English; its effect upon the
world's religion, ii. 50; its effect on indi-
vidual countries, 50; its effect in England,

50; inaugurated by Somerset and Cran-
mer, 114; continued by Edward VI., 125;
period of reaction, 152.
Regency, constituted by Henry VIII., ii. 108;
during the Norman reigns, 109; vested in
a council, 109, constituted for Henry III.,
109; constituted for Edward III., 110;
absence of a personal regent for Richard
II., 110; during reign of Henry VI., 110;
estates claim the right to create, III; at
the accession of Edward V., III; consti-
tutional principles fixed regarding_regen-
cies by the time of Henry VIII., 111,
112; Henry VIII.'s regulation of, by will
under cover of an act of parliament, 112;
act of 1751 on, 515; the act of George
III. to provide for a regency, 515, 516;
Fox's view of the establishment of, 516;
Pitt's view of the right of parliament to
provide for a, 516; duke of York's atti-
tude on, 516; act of 1810-11, 517; ar-
rangements for, at the accession of Wil-
liam IV. and Queen Victoria, 517; last act
upon the subject of, 518.
Regicides, treatment of, ii. 359.
Reginald of Canterbury, i. 368.
Registrar-General's district, applied to Lon-
don and vicinity, ii. 570.

Regulators, appointed by James II., ii. 403.
Reliefs, beginning of, i. 272, 294; regulated
by Great Charter, 384.

Religion, absolute power of crown over,
denied by the commons, ii. 222.
"Remonstrance of the Army," the, ii. 338.
Renaissance, English, meaning of term, ii.
32; Italian, 33.

Representation, germs of, i. 12, 14, 143, 202,
203, 207, 303, 416, 446, 450; a Teutonic
invention, 1, 2, 14, 428, 429; its continuity
in England, 14, 429, 430, 434, 443; conti-
nental adoption of, 14; reproduced in
Virginia, 18, 21; its relation to taxation,
299, 451; its development in convocation,
343; in national council, first records of,
376, 377, 465, 468; full development of
the system, 417, 418, 469; elder Pitt's de-
nunciation of borough, ii. 520; schemes for
the reform of, 520; Pitt's resolutions of
reform, 521; his bill, 1785, to reform, 521,
522; Flood's efforts for reform, 522;
efforts of Grey and Erskine for reform,
522; radical proposals of reform by Bur-
dette, 523; efforts of Russell to secure
reform in, 524, 525; Peel's declaration that
reform was not needed, 525; condition of
reform at the close of George IV.'s reign,
525, 526; Wellington opposes reforms in,
527; measures presented by Lord Russell
for the reform of, 528, 529; the reform bill

of 1832 equalizes, by disenfranchising rot-
ten boroughs and enfranchising the large
towns, 529; effect of the reform measures
of 1832, 531, 532; Parliamentary Registra-
tion Act, 532; Russell and Derby's pro-
posal for reform, 532-534; demonstrations
in favor of an extension of the suffrage,
534; demands for equalization in, in the
county and borough, 537; reform in,
accomplished by Representation of the
People Act and the Redistribution of
Seats Act, 537-539; king's power over,
abused, 463, 464.

Representation of the People Act, ii. 532,
535; favors the working classes, 535; ex-
tended to Scotland and Ireland, 536; in-
crease of the electorate by, 536; of 1884,
537, 538.

Revenue, expedients to raise, ii. 236; in-
crease, 243. See Taxation.

Revenue, royal, its various sources, i. 182,
257; under the feudal system, 233, 246;
under the Old-English commonwealth, ii.
552, 553; swelled by revenues from feudal
tenures and incidents, 552, 553; waste of
land revenues checked by statute, 553;
land revenues exchanged for a fixed civil
list by George III., 553; still includes the
revenues of Lancaster and Cornwall, 553,
554.

Revolution of 1688, ii. 392-451.
Rhode Island, charter held by, i. 23.
Rice, Ap, doctor, ii. 81.

Richard, bishop of London, author of the
Dialogus de Scaccario, i. 302.

Richard I., taxation under, i. 359, 363; efforts
to raise his ransom, 360; risings against
his taxation, 361-363; his death, 363.
Richard II., deposition of, i. 506, 553, ii. 110;
his early character, 506; social revolts
under, 508-510; his second marriage, 510;
change in his temper, 510; his rebuke to
the houses, 510, 511; absolute monarchy
of, 511; grant of life-subsidy to, 511;
cause of his deposition, 512; procedure of
his deposition, 513; granted subsidies for
life, ii. 16; the first navigation act, 31;
state of the regency, 110.

Richard the Third, duke of the Normans, i.
220; Protector and king, 583; statement
of his title to the crown, 585; life-grant of
subsidy to, 586; his illegal collection of
benefices, 588; killed at Bosworth, 588.
Richard the Fearless, duke of the Normans,
i. 220; the founder of Norman feudalism,
226; quarrel of Ethelred with, 220, 226.
Richard the Good, duke of the Normans, i.
220; quarrel of Ethelred with, 227; his
sister married to Ethelred, 227.