Milton, John, The Tenure of Kings and
Magistrates, ii. 345; Eikonoklastes, 345;
Areopagitica, 379.
Ministers, responsibility of, i. 397, 498, 503,
504, 542, ii. 259, 260, 438, 439; originally
were nobles sitting in the house of lords,
441; appearance of the commoners as,
441; question of right of commoner min-
isters to sit in the lower house, 441-444;
punished by dismissal, 457. See especially
Cabinet; Prime Minister.
Mir, the Russian village community, i. 101.
Mirror of Justices, i. 414.
Mitchell, Sir Francis, impeached as a mo-
nopolist, ii. 245, 246.
Mompesson, Sir Giles, impeached, i. 442, ii.
245, 246.
Monarchy. See King.
Monasteries, decline of, in the fourteenth cen-
tury, ii. 80; denounced by Wycliffe, 80;
confiscations under Henry V., 80; attempts
to reform, 80, 81; Wolsey attempts to
suppress the lesser, 81; report of the com-
missioners of visitation, 81; statute for
the suppression of the lesser, 82; popu-
larity in the north, 85; reaction against
the spoliation of, 85; demands for the
restoration of, 85; suppression of the
greater, 90; little gain derived by the king
from the spoliation of, 91; effect of the
dissolution of, on the care of the poor, 97,
188; on enclosures, 123.
Monk, General, enters London, ii. 356, 357;
agrees to admit presbyterians in the house
of commons conditionally, 357; made
commander-in-chief, 357; aims to secure
the restoration of Charles II., 357; fa-
vored by Charles II., 363.
Monmouth, Duke of, wins adherents, ii. 385;
forced flight, 388; invades England, 396;
defeated at Sedgemoor and executed, 396.
Monopolies, great number granted by Eliza-
beth, ii. 208, 209; conflict in the commons
over, 209; commons attack, 223; punished
by impeachment, 245; act passed regu-
lating, 251; revived by Charles I., 285.
Montague, Charles, his bill for the security
of the protestant religion, ii. 386; dis-
missed from the council, 397; proposes
contracting a national debt, 434; scheme
of a national bank, 434; bill for the incor-
poration of the Bank of England, 434;
appointed chancellor of the exchequer,
435; issues exchequer bills, 435.
Montague, Ralph, letter of Danby to, ii. 374.
Montague, Richard, Gog for the New Gospel,
ii. 256; Appello Cæsarem, 256; held to
have committed a contempt of the house
of commons, 257.
Montague, Viscount, ii. 162.
Montesquieu, his definition of the "Ger-
mania" of Tacitus, i. 94; on the framers
of the Great Charter, 386.
Montfort, Simon de, i. 400–404, 465-469, ii.
More, Sir Thomas, mentioned, ii. 34; in
parliament, 45; offends the king, 46; as a
diplomatist, 46; scope and character of
his Utopia, 46-48; made speaker, 49; and
Luther, 51; succeeds Wolsey as chancel
lor, 56; refuses to give oath to support
the act of succession, 74; imprisonment,
74; indictment and execution, 79; popular
indignation over his execution, 79.
Morgan, Lewis H., quoted, i. 28.
Morice, his fate, ii. 208.
Morkere, son of Elfgar, disables Harold
by his treachery, i. 217, 230; elected earl
of the Northumbrians on Tostig's deposi-
tion, 230; keeps back from Harold's
southern march, 230; rising of, and sub-
mission to William, 234.
Morris, Robert, i. 62; his resignation, 63, 64
Mort d'ancester, i. 247, 329.
Morton, Cardinal, attempts to reform the
clergy, ii. 80.
"Morton's fork," ii. 29.
Mortuary fees, regulated, ii. 63.
Müller, Max, on the origin and history of
the English tongue, i. 88; on the name
"Deutsch," 94.
Mundella, Mr., act for compulsory school at-
tendance, ii. 582.
Murdrum, i. 257.
"NABOBS," stimulate corruption, ii. 469,
Naseby, battle of, ii. 332.
Nation, idea of the state as a, i. 6.
National debt, origin, ii. 434; growth of, 511.
See also Financial System; Bank of Eng-
land.
National party, the, i. 70.
National unity in England, how promoted,
i. 154; sources of its weakness, 212–214;
consolidated by the Norman Conquest,
217, 234, 268, 269, 281, 282, 589.
Naturalization, recent legislation on, ii. 229;
in the Act of Settlement, 424; Mr. Hutt's
Naturalization Act of 1844, 424; the Nat-
uralization Act of 1870, 424; present status
of naturalization in England, 424.
Navy, the, its beginnings, i. 548, 549; con-
trolled by parliament, ii. 319.
Neile, Bishop, on the question of impositions,
ii. 237; question of privilege involved in
his case, 237.
Nennius, authority for the English conquest,
i. 121.
Neville, John, Lord, impeached, i. 441, 503.
Neville, undertakes to reconcile king and
commons, ii. 236.
New Model, Cromwell's, created and applied,
ii. 328, 329; refuses to be dissolved, 335,
336; converts religious independence into
political independence, 341.
Newark, royal charter granted, ii. 465; house
of commons denies royal right to limit the
suffrage in, 465.
Newbury, battle of, ii. 326, 327.
Newcastle, Duke of, driven from office, ii.
462; division of power with Pitt, 463.
New England, settlement of, i. 18, 19, 22, 23,
25; township in, 29-31, 35; town meeting
in, 31; the New England town a quasi
municipal corporation, 39; formation of
the New England confederation, 53; au-
thorities on, 54. See also America.
New France, extent of her power, i. 54; over-
thrown, 54.
"New Jersey Plan," the, i. 71.
New Netherland, manorial system in, i. 33,
35. See also New York.
New Orleans, settled by the French, i. 54.
News-letters, used to give parliamentary de-
bates, ii. 474; garbled reports in, 474, 475.
New York, state of, manorial system in, i.
33-35; cedes her Western claims to the
United States, 57.
Niebelungen-Lied, the i. 113.
Nimeguen, ii. 375.
Nisi prius, meaning of the term, i. 318.
Nobility, English, legal definition of, i. 350;
distinct from Continental, 350; ministerial,
rise of, i. 365.
Non-conformists, Elizabeth's attitude toward,
ii. 173; expulsion of, under Charles II.,
365.
Non-jurors, origin of, ii. 431.
Norfolk, case of the county of, ii. 203.
Norfolk, John Mowbray, duke of, his quarrel
with Henry of Lancaster, i. 512; banished,
512.
Norfolk, Thomas Howard, duke of, returned
to power, ii. 101; wishes a return to ca-
tholicism, 101; released from prison, 135.
Norman Conquest, marriage of Emma opens
the way for, i. 227; its effects on national
unity, 217, 234, 281, 282; its gradual ad-
vance, 234, 235; changes consequent on,
235 et seq.; its effects on kingship, 241,
242, 257; on local organizations, 252 et
seq.; its ecclesiastical effects, 258-264;
preserves the political continuity of Eng-
lish history, 278, 381, 424; establishes su-
premacy of the central government, ii. 3.
Normandy, duchy of, its beginnings, i. 220,
225; its relations with England, 220, 226,
227; French, Christian, and feudal char-
acter of, 226; feudalism in, 279; loss of,
under John, 365; political results of the
loss, 365, 366; lost to England, 555.
Norse mythology, i. 113, 114.
North, Lord, chief of a new Tory party, ii.
502; instrument in the hands of George
III., 503; surrender at Yorktown causes
his resignation, 503; on the power of a
king, 503 n.; coalesces with Fox, 506.
Northampton, assize of, i. 308; battle of,
558.
North Briton, The. See Wilkes, John.
Northmen, their invasions and settlements,
i. 219.
Northumberland, kingdom of, i. 150, 154,
170; partial conversion of, 156; its final
conversion by Irish missionaries, 158, 162;
union of, under Oswiu, 158, 163; suprem-
acy of, 162; submits to Ecgberht, 166.
Northumberland, Duke of, convenes par-
liament in 1553, ii. 131; his succession
schemes, 132; opposition to, 134; collapse
of his conspiracy, 135; executed, 136.
Norvell, Alexander, case of, ii. 203.
Nottingham, royal standard raised at, ii. 320.
Novel disseisin, i. 247, 329.
Noy, Sir William, suggests issue of ship-writs,
OATES, TITUS, his fabrication about a catho-
lic plot, ii. 376, 377.
Oath, as a means of proof, i. 205.
Oaths Act, ii. 428.
Obstruction, defined, ii. 554; rules providing
for closure, 564.
Occasional Conformity Act, to thwart dis-
senters, ii. 426.
O'Connell, Daniel, and the Catholic Associa-
tion, ii. 430; radical proposals for reform
in representation, 525.
Odo, bishop of Bayeux, rebels against Wil-
liam Rufus, i. 270.
Odo, duke of the French, defeats the North-
men, i. 219; chosen king of the West
Franks, 219.
Offa, king of the Mercians, wars with the
West Saxons, i. 163.
Office-holders, right to sit in parliament lost,
ii. 440-444.
Oldcastle, Sir John, i. 539.
Oldfield's, Dr., Representative History on par-
liamentary representation, ii. 470.
Old Sarum, a nomination borough, ii. 466.
Oléron, Laws of, i. 549.
Onslow, Colonel, complaint against parlia-
mentary reporting of the press, ii. 485.
Onslow, Speaker, on effect of Septennial Act,
ii. 458.
Ordainers, the Lords, their scheme of re-
form, i. 490, 499, 505, 544, ii. 15.
Ordaining power. See Proclamations.
Ordeal, as means of proof, i. 205, 207, 307,
321; forbidden by the Lateran Council,
309, 332; regulated under the Great Char-
ter, 389.
Ordinances, origin of, i. 494; as distinguished
from a statute, 496, 497; parliamentary
origin, ii. 323, 324; used by Cromwell, 349.
"Ordinary," meaning of term, ii. 63 n.
Ormond, Lord, impeachment and flight, ii.
456, 457.
Osborne, Sir Thomas (earl of Danby), on
ship-writs, ii. 289; becomes head of Charles
II.'s cabinet, 373; use of bribery, 373; let-
ter to Montague, 374; impeached, 375;
questions arising out of his impeachment,
375; his resignation, ii. 376.
Oswald, king of the Northumbrians, i. 158,
162; defeated and slain by Penda, 158,
162.
Oswiu, king of the Northumbrians and
bretwalda, i. 158, 162; union of Bernicia
and Deira under, 158, 163; slays Penda,
159, 163.
Otho, papal legate, i. 398.
Overseers of the poor, appointed by the jus-
tices of the peace, ii. 189; duties, 189, 190;
accountable yearly to two justices of the
peace, 190.
Oxford, councils at, i. 300, 377, 396; sale of
its representation, ii. 468.
Oxford, Lord, opposition to Marlborough, ii.
448, 449; favors the house of Hanover,
449; impeached, 456; claims ministerial
irresponsibility, 457; furnishes the last
purely political impeachment, 457.
Oxford, University of, purged of heresy in
1528, ii. 52; coerced by Henry VIII., 65;
on passive obedience, 388, 393.
Pagus, use of the word, i. 96, 106, 107, 123,
145, 170, 191, 192.
Palgrave, Sir Francis, on kingship, i. 177; on
the bretwalda, 152; on the beneficium, 223;
his views of William Longsword as an
absolute ruler, 226; his estimate of the
reign of Henry of Anjou, 275; on the
council as a court under Henry III., ii. 24;
on Carlyle's prejudiced view of the pro-
tectorate era, 354.
Fallium, archiepiscopal, its importance, i.
347.
Palmer, expresses royalist opposition to the
Grand Remonstrance, ii. 313; sent to the
Tower, 313.
Palmerston, Lord, no relation with borough
he represented, ii. 468; ministry, 533; op-
poses the secret ballot, 536; efforts to con-
trol the department of foreign affairs, 549,
550; letter of the queen to, as to the con-
ducting of foreign affairs, 549, 550; his
submission to the queen, 550; conflict
with the cabinet, 550; removed from office
for exceeding his authority, 550.
Pandulf, papal legate, i. 396.
Papacy, Gregory the Great sends Augustine
to Britain, i. 155, 156; not to be acknow-
ledged without the king's consent, 259;
effect of Norman Conquest on its relations
to the English Church, 259, 260; policy of
Hildebrand, 338, 339; relations to English
ecclesiastical appointments, 347, 348; In-
nocent III.'s dispute with King John, 348,
367 et seq.; relation of, to the empire, 369;
its medieval supremacy restated by Car-
dinal Manning, 370; King John submits to
papal overlordship, 373, 569, ii. 59; Great
Charter annulled by Innocent III., 393;
bull clericis laicos, 419; claims resisted by
the English crown, 509, 571; Julius II.
grants dispensation for the marriage of
Henry VIII. and Catherine of Aragon, ü.
38; Leo gives Henry VIII. title of De
fender of the Faith, 50; final judge in cases
of appeal from the ecclesiastical courts, 53;
Clement a prisoner, 54; appealed to by
Henry VIII. in divorce case from Cath-
erine, 54; appoints a legatine commission,
55; open alliance with Charles, 55; re-
moves Henry VIII.'s divorce trial to Rome,
55; relations with English Church prior to
Henry VIII. 58; feudal supremacy of
Boniface VIII. resisted, 59; petitioned to
espouse the cause of Henry VIII., 67;
Clement excommunicates Henry VIII.
and Anne Boleyn, 69; annuls acts of Cran-
mer on the divorce question, 71; question
of Julius II.'s right to sanction the mar-
riage of Henry VIII. and Catherine, 71;
Clement confirms validity of Henry VIII's
marriage with Catherine, 74; Paul III.'s
bull deposing Henry VIII., 79, 80; Paul
IV. declares the inalienable character of
church estates, 149; animosity to Pole, 150;
publication of papal bulls prohibited in
England, 164; Pius V. excommunicates
Elizabeth, 164. See also Church, Roman
Catholic.
Paris, besieged by the Northmen, i. 219.
Parish, the, the township equivalent to, i
30; in Virginia, 35-37; compared with the
English, 37; authorities on, 37; its vestry
a survival of the primitive mark, 144; its
relation to the township, 143, 144, 341, 456;
vestry secures the political functions of the
town meeting, ti. 185; overshadows the
township, 185; survives as the fundamen-
tal institution of the state, 185; its ma-
chinery composite, 185; its members, 185;
its officers, 185, 186; vestry meeting called
by the church-wardens, 186; parson pre-
sides at its meetings, 186; all questions in
its meetings decided by the majority, 186;
possesses the right to make by-laws, 186,
imposition of the church rate by vestry
leads to the right to levy taxes, 186; status
of its members dependent upon their liabil-
ity to contribute, 187; state and parish
taxation compared, 187; made responsible
for the care of its poor, 189; general tax
imposed on, for poor relief, 189; main-
taining of highways devolves upon, 191,
192; subordinate to the county adminis-
tration, 192; its vestry becomes a close
corporation, 192; primary agent of the
Tudor administrative system, 194; re-
modelling of the system of poor relief by
the, 572; separation of the civil and the
ecclesiastical, 572, 573; effort of Hobhouse
to restore its ancient popular constitution,
573; still a unit for taxation and electoral
purposes, 573; effect of the Local Govern-
ment Act on vestries, 578, 579.
Park, Sir James, effort to make a life peer, ii.
546.
Parker, Dr., difficulties over his consecration
as archbishop, ii. 157, 158; influence in the
adoption of the Thirty-nine Articles, 159.
Parliament, Burke's picture of, i. 26, 428;
first representative, 377; earliest authorized
report of debate in, 1242, 399; conflicts of
Henry III. with, 399; knights of the shire
summoned to, 399, 402, 403; under Simon
of Montfort, 403; representatives from
cities and boroughs, 403; the model parlia-
ment, 417; representation of three estates
in, 417, 418; accepted model of popular
government, 428-430; its representative
system of Teutonic origin, 428, 429; its
bicameral system reproduced in English
states in America, 429; continuity of its
history, 430, 434, 443; witenagemot sur-
vives in, 430; the "Good Parliament," 441;
of 1295, 445; qualifications of its members,
475; security and wages of members, 475,
476; how affected by the writ process, 476;
time and place of holding of, 477; West-
minster becomes the seat of, 478; working
of, 478; bicameral system of, 479, 480;
struggle to control legislation, 497; control
over royal administration, 498; its right of
impeachment, 503; of deposition, 504;
reaches the limits of its growth, 514, 535;
subservient to Richard II., 511; its powers
at the close of fourteenth century, 517;|
privileges belonging to, as a whole, and to
each house separately, 518, 531 et seq.;
succession to the crown regulated by, 536,
537; results of its immaturity, 563; the
"Unlearned Parliament," 572; subservi-
ency to the monarchy of Edward IV.,
576 et seq.; a representative, established,
ii. 3; transfers crown to the house of Lan-
caster, 5; sovereignty of, reaches its full
growth, 5; secures exclusive right to au-
thorize taxation, 5; Earl Simon's first
representation of cities and towns, 12;
sanctions the levying of customs, 15; pre-
mature development and collapse of the
system of government by, 16, 17; Edward
IV. extorts benevolences from, 19; infre-
quent meetings under Yorkist rule, 20;
of Henry VII., holds that king has par-
liamentary title, 23; urges marriage of
Henry VII. to Elizabeth of York, 23;
causes for its decline previous to Henry
VII., 27, 28; summoned rarely by Henry
VII., 29; survives for purposes of ex-
traordinary deliberation, 35; grants Henry
VIII. tonnage and poundage for life, 40;
attaints Empson and Dudley, 41; meets
Henry VIII's demands for money, 41;
not held under Wolsey's administration,
44; summoned by Henry VIII. to secure
money for the French and Spanish war, 45;
resists claims of the papacy, 59; subser-
vient to Henry VIII., 61; establishes royal
supremacy over church, 61; passes enact-
ments for the discipline of the clergy, 63;
releases Henry VIII. from his debts, 64;
limits the jurisdiction of the church courts,
68; forbids appeals to Rome in certain
cases, 70; provides for the course of ap-
peal, 70; all appeals to Rome forbidden
by, 72; payment of Peter's pence forbidden
by, 72; reenacts statute of annates, 72;
provides for the nomination of bishops by
congé d'élire, 72, 73; regulates the royal
succession, 73; demands oaths from sub-
jects to support the act of succession, 74;
act of supremacy, 75; declares denial of
the royal supremacy to be treason, 76;
first-fruits and tenths given to the king, 77;
creates twenty-six bishoprics, 77; debate
on the report of the commissioners of visi-
tation, 82; question of its right to annul
corporate rights, 82 n. ; statute for the sup-
pression of the lesser monasteries, 82;
work of the great parliament of 1529, 83;
second act of succession, 84; composition
of the parliament of 1539, 89; gives to
royal proclamations the force of law, 89;
suppression of the greater monasteries, 90;
disappearance of the parliamentary abbots,
90; authorizes the crown to create new
bishoprics, 90; enacts statutes for the sale
and transfer of land, 91; enacts the statute
of the Six Articles, 91; used by Cromwell,
100; previous policy as to its use by the
crown, 100; regulates the succession to the
crown, 107; enacts reform legislation, 116;
repeal of the Six Articles of Henry VIII.,
116; statutes regarding heresy repealed,
117; act providing for commission instead
of mass, 117; Henry VIII.'s treason acts
repealed, 117; appointment of bishops
vested in the king, 118; act regarding
royal proclamations repealed, 118; va-
grancy act, 118; regulation of the chantry
lands, 119; marriage of priests declared
lawful, 120; act of uniformity, 120; at-
tempts to influence elections in, 131; Mary's
first, mass celebrated in, 136; treasons act of
Edward III. restored, 136; queen's legiti-
macy settled, 136; repeals Edward VI.'s
statutes as to creed and ritual, 136; passes
an act for the security of priests, 137;
passes the marriage bill, 139; vests royal
powers in a queen, 139; means used by
Philip II. to secure a pliant parliament,
140; acknowledges papal supremacy, 141;
repeals the Reformation statutes, 141, 142;
defends the rights of Elizabeth, 142, 143;
revives heresy statutes, 143; under Eliza-
beth, restores royal supremacy, 154; stat-
utes of persecution repealed, 154; recog
nition of papal supremacy forbidden, 154;
papal perogatives vested in the crown,
155; new Act of Uniformity, 155; abolishes
the court of high commission, 176; at-
tempts to regulate the foreign service of
militia, 198; privileges asserted by, 202,
203; right to deliberate on all questions of
state denied to, 204, 205; ratifies Henry
VIII.'s Reformation statutes, 206; begin-
ning of its battle with the conciliar system,
216; rule established that bill cannot twice
be proposed in same session, 224; charac-
ter of James I.'s second, 237; James I.
dispenses with, 238; question of privilege
involved in cases of Coke and Sandys, 247,
248; attempts of James I. against right of
deliberation, 248; gains made during the
reign of James I. 251, 252; Charles I.
asserts his right to convene and prorogue,
281; the Short Parliament, 298, 299; its
right to share in the taxing power admit-
ted, 305; Triennial Act, 305, 306; the
Long, its permanent work, 308; disagree-
ments in, 308; its sovereignty declared,
319; committee of safety appointed, 319;
wins control of the fleet, 319; raises an
army under Essex, 319; attempts a recon-
ciliation with Charles I., 320; Long, result
of its early work, 321, 322; protests its
loyalty to Charles I., 322; joint committee
of safety created, 322; adopts a great seal,
322, 323; relation of parliamentary and
royal party parliaments, 323; ordinances
of 1642 and 1645, 323; adopts a Self-
denying Ordinance, 328; hostility between
independents and presbyterians in, 333
334; Rump, declares the people, as repre
sented in the house of commons, sovereign,
338, 339; high court of justice constituted,
339; retained by the army, 342; numerical
strength of the Rump, 342, 343; monarchy
abolished, 343; house of lords abolished,
343; reorganizes the judiciary, 344; estab-
lishes the Commonwealth, 344; hostility
to its domination, 345; bill passed for its
dissolution, 345; driven out and dissolved,
by Cromwell, 346; Barebones, organized,
346, 347; its attempts at reform feared,
347, 348; abdicates, 348; tenders the
office of Protector to Cromwell, 348; first,
of the protectorate, character of represen-
tation in, 349; subjected to military co-
ercion, 349, 350; dissolved, 350; second,
of the protectorate, all unacceptable per-
sons excluded, 351; resists the rule of the
major-generals, 351; question of offering
Cromwell the crown, 351, 352; new scheme
of government, 351, 352; conflict between
peers and commons causes its dissolution,
353, 354; of Richard Cromwell, opposition
in, to the protectorate, 355; conflict with
the army, 355; dissolved, 355; Rump, re-
turned to power, 356; conflict with the
army leads to a fresh expulsion, 356; Con-
vention, invites Charles II. to return, 357;
Rump, restored by General Monk, 356,
357; dissolves itself, 357; appoints General
Monk commander-in-chief and joint com-
mander of the army and navy, 357; Con-
vention, restores the monarchical system
as modified by early reforms of the Long
Parliament, 358; treats the Commonwealth
legislation as void, 358; domination of
presbyterians in, 358; declares itself to be
the two houses of parliament, 359; treat-
ment of regicides, 359, 360; act for the
confirming and restoring of ministers, 361;
dissolved, 363; revives the right to ap-
propriate supplies and to audit public ac
counts, 366, 367; second, of Charles II,
its members required to take the commun-
ion, 363; Solemn League and Covenant
ordered burned, 364; Conventicle Act, 365;
Five-mile Act, 366; conflict with Charles
II. over the dispensing power, 371; passes
the Test Act, 371; prorogued for fifteen
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