(suspended in 1862, and revived for the benefit of survivors in 1875,) and also in the Superannuation Act of 1898.

Evening Continuation Schools. These schools have had almost the same history as in England. In 1876 the age limit was raised from eighteen to twenty-one, and in 1886 they received the increased grants made to England in 1882. In 1893 a special Code was issued almost identical with the English Code of the same year. Children of twelve (as against fourteen in England) are allowed to attend, if already exempt from attending day schools; the upper limit of age was removed, and also the obligation to take elementary subjects, and these changes have naturally made the instruction to a great extent secondary '.

ii. Science and Art Department.

Scotland has always shared the grants of this Department under the same conditions as England and Wales.

In 1889 Drawing, which had been introduced as a class subject into Scotch public schools in 1886, was withdrawn from the Education Department and (as in England in 1887) placed entirely under South Kensington. The change was educationally of small importance, as the local superintendent of the Science and Art Department already examined in this class subject, being deemed for this purpose an Inspector of the Scotch Education Department.

By a Minute of July 29, 1897, the administration of Science and Art grants was transferred to the Scotch Education Department, but the Science and Art Department continued to account for grants till the following April.

The Scotch Code for 1898 carried on the grants for elementary drawing and manual training upon the same

Evening Continuation Schools. Average attendance.

1

1872

1880

1890

1897

68 277

3,653

2 For the new Higher Grade Science Schools v. Times, Aug. 23,

Sept. 5, 1898.

general lines, and required that the manual training should be 'progressive in character, educational in aim, and properly allied to instruction in drawing,' and that more advanced instruction should be provided for second and third year pupils in this subject.

2. THE HOME OFFICE.

i. Factory and Mines Acts.

Scotland has always been under the same Factory and Mines Acts as England', but, as with Ireland, the Factory Act of 1874 was not applied to non-textile factories in Scotland by the English Education Act of 1876, and textile and non-textile factories remained on different footings until 1878.

Under the Factory Act of 1878 a certified efficient school in Scotland was defined as 'any public or other elementary school under Government inspection.'

2

As the Elementary Education Act of 1893 did not apply to Scotland, the Factory Act of 1891 is consequently of more importance in that country, as it raises the minimum age of employment in factories to eleven, although attendance at school is only compulsory under all circumstances until the child has passed the Fifth Standard.

ii. Reformatories and Industrial Schools.

Both these classes of schools remain under the Home Secretary, although the Inspector has advised that they should be placed under the Secretary for Scotland, and the English and Scotch Departmental Committees have made similar recommendations 3.

4

Reformatories. The first Acts of 1854-56 and the Consolidating Act of 1866 applied to Scotland as well as England, but the power given in 1857 to English Quarter Sessions or Town Councils to contribute to

1 Vide p. 43.

3 Lushington Report, 1896, i. 104, 253, 322.

2

54 & 55 Vict. c. 75. + Vide p. 54.

Reformatories was only extended to Scotland in 1866. Lord Leigh's Act of 1893 also applies to Scotland 1.

3

Industrial Schools. The first statute in these islands, relating to schools of this class and known as Dunlop's Act, was passed in 18542 for Scotland only. The Act and its amending Acts passed in the two following years were intended to render Reformatory and Industrial Schools more available for the benefit of Vagrant Children.' They did not in fact deal with Reformatories in the modern sense at all, but with Industrial Schools only, for the nomenclature had not yet become fixed. The schools 'were to receive aid out of the Education Vote, administered by the Committee of Council, and to be open to the inspection of Her Majesty's Inspector of Schools or any other inspector specially appointed for the purpose *.?

Under these Acts the schools were frankly Ragged Schools to take outcast children 5.

In 1860 Industrial Schools were transferred from the Committee of Council to the Home Secretary ".

'In 1861 the Scotch Acts were consolidated by a temporary Act', the provisions of which substantially correspond with those of the English Consolidating Act of the same year, also a temporary measure; and in 1866 the law both for English and Scotch industrial schools was consolidated in the Act now in force. In Scotland the parochial authority was made liable to pay 5s. a week to the Treasury for any child sent to an Industrial School who had been chargeable to the parish within the three months preceding".

From this point the law in the two countries has been

This Act was passed earlier in 1893 as the Reformatory Schools (Scotland) Act, 56 & 57 Vict. c. 15, and was repealed and re-enacted for Great Britain by c. 48.

3

2 17 & 18 Vict. c. 74.

18 & 19 Vict. c. 86; 19 & 20 Vict. c. 28. Lushington Report, i. 11.

6 23 & 24 Vict. c. 108.

7

5 Ibid. Q. 31,962.

24 & 25 Vict. c. 132, renewed 25 & 26 Vict. c. 10.

8 Vide p. 56; Lushington, i. p. 12.

? 29 & 30 Vict. c. 118, s. 38.

the same, except so far as it has been laid down by their different Education Acts and by local Acts of Parliament.

By the Scotch Education Act, 1872, power was given to School Boards to establish and maintain certified Industrial Schools, but they received no power to contribute to these institutions till 1893', and the former power they never exercised. On the other hand, School Boards in Scotland were never placed under any obligation to work the Industrial Schools Act, 1866, a result obtained in England by the Education Act, 1876.

By the Prisons (Scotland) Act, 1877, the Commissioners of Supply of any county or the magistrates of any borough may contribute to any certified Reformatory or Industrial School subject to the approval of the Home Secretary, but they have no power to establish one.

Day Industrial Schools. In Glasgow a Board of Commissioners was constituted by a local Act in 18415 for Repressing Juvenile Delinquency, and by an amending Act in 1878 they received power to establish Day Industrial Schools, three of which have been established.

6

In 1893 the Day Industrial Schools (Scotland) Act was passed for the certification of these schools, which may be established and maintained by voluntary agencies or by a School Board; it repealed the liability of the Poor Law authorities in Glasgow to contribute. Its only material result as yet has been the opening of one Day Industrial School in Edinburgh in 1898.

There are no Truant Schools in Scotland.

Lord Aberdare's Commission in 1884, and the Departmental Committee presided over by Sir Godfrey Lushington in 1896, included Scotland in their investigations, and

156 & 57 Vict. c. 48.

2 Lushington, Q. 28,297.

3 Vide p. 57. The same is true of Day Industrial Schools. Lushington

Report, Q. 28,296.

40 & 41 Vict. c. 53, s. 67.

6 41 & 42 Vict. c. cxxi.

7 56 Vict. c. 12.

a Scotch Departmental Committee reported on Habitual Offenders in 1895'.

The differences between Scotland and England are due much more to the working of the Acts, as in Ireland, than to the measures themselves. That the Acts were differently worked was due chiefly in the first instance to the absence of Poor Law Schools in Scotland, which caused Industrial Schools to be used to a great extent for destitute children who would have gone to District Schools in England2. This tendency, however, was to some extent checked in regard to Reformatories in Scotland by the dislike in that country to put children in prison, and until 1893 imprisonment was an indispensable preliminary to their admission to a Reformatory3.

In Scotland by the Act of 1866 the Parochial Authority is bound to pay the Treasury 5s. a week for any child in an Industrial School chargeable to the Parish within the three months preceding. The local authorities have hitherto contributed a far smaller proportion in relation to the Government Grant than in England, and there is said to have been greater laxity in committal. In Scotland these schools all have agents who look out for likely cases, and enable the establishment to be run at its full strength, and as economically as possible".

In Scotland in 1896 there were nine Reformatories with 727 juvenile offenders, and thirty-five Industrial Schools with 4,560 children actually in the schools.

1 Lushington Report, i. Appendix No. x, p. 250.

2 Aberdare, Q. 1,569 sqq.

3 Lushington, p. 131.

But in 1882 the proportions of children and young offenders in Industrial Schools and Reformatories to the whole population were in the three countries as follows:

5 Lushington, p. 133.

Ibid. p. 137.

7 Ibid. p. 144.

8

Inspector's Report, P. P., 1897, C. 8,566, p. 403.