The student's elements of geology |
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Términos y frases comunes
abundant alluded Ammonites ancient argillaceous basalt beds belong Brachiopoda calcareous called Cambrian carbonate Carboniferous characteristic clay coal common conglomerate consist containing corals Crag Cretaceous crystalline denudation deposits Devonian dikes England Eningen Eocene eruptions Europe extinct fauna feet thick felspar fish fissures formations fossil fossiliferous fragments freshwater genera genus Geol geological geologists glacial gneiss granite gravel hornblende lakes land lava layers Lias lime limestone living Llandeilo Lower Miocene Lower Silurian mammalia marine shells marl mass metamorphic mica miles mineral Miocene mollusca mountain Neocomian newer North occur Old Red Sandstone older Oolite organic remains origin Paleozoic pebbles period Permian plants Pliocene plutonic rocks portion Professor Purbeck quadrupeds quartz regions reptiles rivers sand sedimentary seen shale siliceous Silurian slate sometimes species stone strata stratified surface tertiary trachyte Trias tuffs Upper Miocene valley veins vertical volcanic rocks white chalk
Pasajes populares
Página 26 - The upper valve is almost invariably wanting, though occasionally found in a perfect state of preservation in the white chalk at some distance. In this case, we see clearly that the sea-urchin first lived from youth to age, then died and lost its spines, which were carried away. Then the young Crania adhered to the bared shell, grew and perished in its turn; after which, the upper valve was separated from the lower, before the Echinus became enveloped in chalky mud.
Página 592 - ... themselves, or at least on their own axes, some general law must then determine the position in which these particles will rest on cooling. Probably that position will have some relation to the direction in which the heat escapes. Now, when all or a majority of particles of the same nature have...
Página 394 - Thus in the large submerged tract called the " Sunk Country," near New Madrid, forming part of the Western side of the valley of the Mississippi, erect trees have been standing ever since the year 1811-12, killed by the great earthquake of that date ; Lacustrine and swamp plants have been growing there in the shallows, and several rivers have annually inundated the whole space, and yet have been unable to carry in any sediment within the outer boundaries of the morass.
Página 136 - The following explanation of this phenomenon has been suggested by the eminent chemist Liebig. On the surface of Franconia, where the limestone abounds 'in caverns, is a fertile soil in which vegetable matter is continually decaying.
Página ii - Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man, including an Outline of Glacial Post-Tertiary Geology, and Remarks on the Origin of Species.
Página 320 - The regular and uniform preservation of this thin bed of black earth over a distance of many miles, shows that the change from dry land to the state of a freshwater lake or estuary was not accompanied by any violent denudation, or rush of water, since the loose black earth, together with the trees which lay prostrate on its surface, must inevitably have been swept away had any such violent catastrophe taken place.
Página 58 - German geologists, streichen signifying to extend, to have a certain direction. Dip and strike may be aptly illustrated by a row of houses running east and west, the long ridge of the roof representing the strike of the stratum of slates, which dip on one side to the north, and on the other to the south.
Página 214 - Eocene gypsum of Paris. To this tranquil condition of the surface succeeded the era of volcanic eruptions, when the lakes were drained, and when the fertility of the mountainous district was probably enhanced by the igneous matter ejected from below, and poured down upon the more sterile granite.
Página 261 - ... formation occupies a middle place in the Eocene series, we are struck with the comparatively modern date to which some of the greatest revolutions in the physical geography of Europe, Asia, and northern Africa must be referred. All the mountain chains, such as the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians, and Himalayas, into the composition of whose central and loftiest parts the nummulitic strata enter bodily, could have had no existence till after the middle Eocene period."— Manual, p. 232. A still more...
Página 390 - ... receives no support from the coating of friable coal which has replaced the bark. As soon, therefore, as the cohesion of this external layer is overcome, the heavy column falls suddenly in a perpendicular or oblique direction from the roof of the gallery whence coal has been extracted, wounding or killing the workman who stands below. It is strange to reflect...