2 68. If there is a "patron" of the school, he is also a member of the committee. He may choose another person living in the village to take his place. But if he has not made use of this privilege, he is regarded as having resigned, and as having lost his membership for the time of his absence from the village,

69. The office of school warden is an honorary one, and the same law applies to one declining or resigning it as to a delegate of the community who should decline his office.

70. The members of the committee choose their chairman for 3 years with a relative majority. Principals and teachers cannot be chairmen.

271. The committee shall take care that a suitable school-house or houses, according to this law, be afforded by the community. They are to see that the school-rooms are kept in a proper state, and that there is the needed and timely supply of all means and implements of instruction.

72. The committee must, in the last quarter of the year, make the estimate of expenses of the school for the next year. This estimate, with any necessary motions and explanations, shall be placarded for every one's inspection at least during eight days, and any one has the right to present his objections to the committee. After that time, the estimate, with such objections as may have been made, is handed over to the delegation of the community, and then for supervision to the government; (in the country, to the district board; in the three cities, to the highest board.) The government decides on any controversy that may have arisen between the school committee and the delegation of the community, and the question being settled, the estimate is to be considered as fixed, and is delivered to the committee for their action. If any changes should be necessary, the committee must get the consent of the delegation.

273. The money is kept by a cashier, who gives security, with the supervision of a commissioned member of the committee. Orders issued concerning school taxes must be signed by the chairman. The member of the committee, and a commissioned member of the delegation, must, at least once a month, examine the book kept by the cashier to verify the accounts.

74. The annual accounts for the year must be laid before the school committee before the 1st of May of the next year. The committee examines them, and has them placarded, in case of a difference from the estimate, for at least eight days, and then sends them, with the final objections, to the delegates, by whom a particular committee or an expert comptroller may be chosen to revise them. The government, however, may at any time have this done by an expert of its own appointment. The mayor has no vote in this matter.

If the school committee or the cashier do not acquiesce in the action of the delegation, they may appeal to the government, and in case of proceeding at law, this shall not delay the final settlement of the accounts. They are signed in the three cities by the chairman of the delegation; in villages, by all the members present, with exception of the mayor; and, where there is no delegation, by four commissioned members of the community. After this, a copy of the accounts is sent at once to the highest board.

75. The committee must see that the children of the community receive such instruction as is prescribed by this law, (22 17, 19, 26,) and that they attend school regularly. They decide whether a child may be exempted from attending the common school, (2 17,) or shall be excluded for the purpose of discipline, ( 25,) and if a child, not belonging to the community, shall be admitted. (2 21, al. 2.) In the last request there is no appeal against their decision.

The committee must be present at the public examinations, and other solemnities of the school, and in doubtful cases (3 19, al. 2) must decide on the final discharge of a child from school.

276. The committee also decide on petitions for a partial or entire release of the school money.

877. They also settle any controversy between teachers themselves, or between teachers and the parents of children, (? 24,) and take care that, in presence of the children, neither the authority of the teachers be lowered by the parents, nor that of the parents by the teachers.

78. The committee must watch over the faithful performance of their duties by the teachers, so far as this is not submitted to the especial cognizance of the

Superintendents. (85.) Commissioned members communicate their observations to the committee, who may then, if needed, proceed with admonitions. (2 51.)

Leave of absence, if it shall not exceed three days, may be given to the teacher by the committee. (See 2 80.)

279. In the performance of their duty, the committee may issue summons, menacing, in the case of disobedience, with a fine of five thalers, (or corresponding imprisonment.) In order to execute this, or other fines, (22 23, 26,) the committee may, if necessary, require the help of the police.

80. The chairman of the committee must inform the government of such resolutions as, according to bis opinion, are contrary to the interests of the school, or to law. He alone may grant the teacher a leave of absence for one day.

281. The committee assemble on invitation by the chairman. Any member has the right to demand from the chairman a meeting of the committee, who shall then be convoked within three days. If desired by the Superintendent, (2 85,) the chairman is obliged to call them without delay.

282. Members of the committee are excluded from debating and voting oz matters in which they are personally interested.

283. When all the members of the committee have been notified, a resolutio is lawful if adopted by three members, and a vote is carried by a majority. Wher there is a tie, the chairman gives the casting vote.

Of all resolutions, a verbal process must be drawn up, and, at demand, be shown to the Superintendent of the district.

284. Against the resolutions of the committee, so far as they are not decisive, according to the preceding paragraphs, no appeal to the district board may take place.

B.-Government Boards and Officers.

285. The inspection of common-schools by the State, concerning instruction (unterricht) and education, (erziehung,) is by school superintendents, appointed by the government, and taken from experienced school-men. For this purpose the country is divided into eight districts.

286. The Superintendents must see that instruction in the common-schools is properly attended, and that private instruction satifies the legal demands. Also, that the deportment of the elementary teachers is correct; and for actions contrary to their duties, they are to admonish them. Principals and teachers must obey their orders, without detriment to their right of making complaints to the highest board. (2 91.)

Any deficiencies of the school-rooms, in number or quality, and of the implements for instruction, as well as such circumstances as would, according to their opinion, make it desirable to suspend, pension, remove, or dismiss a teacher, or to give him an assistant, must be made known by them to the proper board.

287. The Superintendents must, by regular conferences, aim to animate the teachers in regard to an equal development of education. In this behalf they may, if they find it best, subdivide their districts into suitable sub-districts, where the teachers shall, at least once a month, assemble for discussing general educational questions, if possible, in presence of the (presiding) Superintendent. 288. The Superintendents themselves shall be called together to a conference by the highest board, at least once a year. Under the presidency of the profes sional counselor of the Minister of State, who is charged with the administratior. of schools, (2 91,) they may discuss any change of the plans of lessons, the introduction of new text-books, and other measures for the improvement of schools, and submit their resolutions to the consideration of the Minister of State. those conferences of the Superintendents also the principals of city schools, or other qualified teachers, may be invited.

To

289. The inspection of schools by government, so far as it is not assigned to the Superintendents, is exercised through the district school boards, (schulamt,)

An especial regulation for them, of September 11, 1863, shows their importance in the new school system. They are, says the first article, the organs of the State, and shall assure in the schools the development of a sound pedagogy.

which shall be henceforth an independent department for schools within the former "church and school boards," (2 90.) and shall be composed

(a) In the districts of the three cities, of the burgomaster as president, and of the local Superintendent.

(b) In the rural districts of the same towns, of the rural counselor of administration (landrath) as president, and of the local Superintendent.

(c) In the judicial districts of Volkenroda and Nazza, of the justiciary as president, and of the local Superintendent.

290. The competence of the "church and school boards," concerning the administration of schools, remains unaltered, so far as this law does not ordain to the contrary.

91. The supreme authority in all educational affairs rests with the Minister of State, according to the law of June 11, 1858.

The general inspection of education (2 92-4) is committed to a practised school man, who, in all educational affairs, is the professional counselor of the Minister. 292. To the especial department of the supreme school board belong→→ 1. The inspection of the normal school. (Teachers' seminary.)

2. The examination of the candidates.

3. The ratification of the appointment, removal, pensioning, dismission of teachers, and the employment of assistants.

4. The general inspection of the common-schools concerning instruction and education.

5. The control of the school funds, and of their administration, as well as of the salaries of teachers.

6. The opening of new schools, the uniting or separating of villages concerning the school community, the direction for building or enlarging school houses. 7. The organization of new classes.

8. The decision on the plans of instruction, and on the text-books.
9. The final decision on appeals against the orders of inferior boards.

VIII. PROVISIONAL MEASURES.

293. The increasing of classes and schools (38) takes place according to the number of candidates, those schools being cared for most whose wants are the greatest.

94. Revision of the conditions for admission into the normal school (§ 31) may be dispensed with for the next four years.

95. The 22 37 and 39 shall be applied only to the time of fixing the teacher's salary according to this law, though five years may not have passed since that time.

296. The increase of the salaries, if they do not reach the minimum, (? 42,) must commence with the first of January, 1865; and in case of a vacancy before that time, it shall take place at once.

297. Beginning with that same time, all contributions to the salary by different persons shall be collected by the cashier, who has to pay the teacher at suitable times in advance. (8 44.)

298. Any gratuities hitherto given from the general school fund cease, as they are compensated by the salaries to be paid henceforth.

99. The fees for making and keeping the school register, and for assisting in the school visitations, cease with the next increase of the salary.

100. Ordinances for bringing this law into operation will be issued by the Minister.

[L. 8.]

GOTHA, July 1, 1863

ERNEST, Duke of S. C. and G.,
v Leebach,

GERMAN PEDAGOGY:-Views of German Educators and Teachers on the
Principles of Education, and Methods of Instruction for Schools of different
Grades. Republished from Barnard's American Journal of Education. 3d
Edition, 640 pages.

PEDAGOGIC VIEWS, IN REFERENCE TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE AGE. BY PROF. J. H.

I. CATECHISM OF METHODS OF TEACHING,

1. Intuitional Instruction. By Diesterweg,

2. Reading. By Hencomp,

3. Arithmetic. By Diesterweg,

4. Geometry. By Diesterweg

5. National History. By Hentz,

6. National Philosophy. By Diesterweg,

7. Astronomy. By Diesterweg,

8. Geography. By Abbenrode,

9. History. By Abbenrode, -

II. GUIDE FOR GERMAN TEACHERS,

1. Intuitional and Speaking Exercises. By Diesterweg,
2. Drawing in Common Schools. By Dr. E. Hentschel,
3. Singing in Common Schools. By Dr. E. Hentschel,
4. Discipline in Schools. By Diesterweg,

Page.

9-22

11

23

23

33-78

35

STEIGER'S LIST OF GERMAN PEDAGOGICAL WORKS,

649-656

1-32

German Pedagogy, Schools, and Teachers.

E. STEIGER will issue the following Works prepared by Dr.
Barnard, late U. S. Commissioner of Education, and Editor of American
Journal of Education, on the History, Organization, Administration,
Studies, and Discipline of Public Schools of various grades in the
different German States, together with Biographical Sketches of the
great Educational Reformers of Germany, and a full exposition of
their respective systems of School Instruction and Discipline.

I. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY INSTRUCTION:

Prepared from original sketches by eminent teachers and educators in each
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school men from France, England, and the United States.

Anhalt, Austria and Hungary, Baden, Bavaria, Brunswick, Hanover, Hesse-Cassel, Hesse-Darm-
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Saxe-Coburg, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Weimar, Waldeck, Wurtemberg, and the Free Cities, with
a general summary of the Educational Systems and Statistics for the whole of Germany. 856
pages. Price, $1,50.

SUPPLEMENT: Systems and Institutions of Public Instruction in Berlin, Vienna, Dres-
den, and other Cities of Germany, with special notices of the Kinder-garten, Primary Schools,
Real Schools, and Gymnasia, by Bache, Arnold, Mann, Stowe, Pattison, and others. $3.50.

II. GERMAN SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION: 1 Vol. $3.00.
(1.) The Universities of Germany, by Karl Von Raumer.

(2.) Universities of the Middle ages, particularly of Bologna and Paris, by Prof. Savigny.
(3.) The German University, by Prof. H. Von Sybel.

(4.) Universities, Past and Present-their influence on civilization, by Dr. Von Döllinger.

(5.) Statistics of Professors and Students, and Programmes of Lectures.

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(1.) Polytechnic and other Industrial Schools-in Austria, Baden, Bavaria, Brunswick, Hano-
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IV. GERMAN EDUCATIONAL REFORMERS:

Memoirs of the Hieronymians. Wessel, Rudolph Agricola, Burch, Erasmus, Dringenberg, Wim-
pheling, Reuchlin, Luther, Melancthon, Trotzendorf, Sturm, Neander, Jesuits, Hecker, Semler,
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V. MODERN GERMAN PEDAGOGY AND METHODOLOGY:

Views of Fröbel, Fichte, Herbert, Beneke, Raumer, Diesterweg, Honcamp, Hentschel, Hintze,
Abbenrode, Graser, and Wichern, on the Principles of Education, and methods of Instruction for
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Memoir of the great Swiss Educator, with his Leonard and Gertrude, Evening Hour of the Her-
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popular schools of Germany, 1 Vol. $3.50.