In the scholastic year 1852-1853, the 86 Classical schools (Gymnasia, Lyceums, Latin-schools and Seminaries) were attended by 4,105 scholars, and the 66 Real-schools by 3,367 scholars; showing an increase in fourteen years of scholars at the Classical schools of 1,000, and at the Real-schools of 2,000. The number of Classical schools during this period has increased by 4, that of the Real-schools by 13.

2. Number of schools, classes, and teachers' places.

During the scholastic year 1866-7 there were in operation 9 (so-called) elementary schools, with 22 secondary classes and 22 teachers' places; 90 classical schools [viz. 4 lower theological seminaries, 7 gymnasia, (3 with boarding-schools,) 4 lyceums, and 75 lower Latin schools,] with 229 classes and 247 teachers' places, (viz., 33 classes, with 60 teachers' places at the seminaries and upper classes of the gymnasia and lyceums; 67 classes, with 64 teachers' places in the middle and lower classes of the gymnasia and lyceums; 129 classes with 123 teachers' places in the lower Latin schools. The lower Latin schools are differently organized; 34 consist of only 1 class, 30 of 2, 10 of 3, 1 of 5 classes (called Padagogium) at Esslingen. The average number of scholars in one class of the classical schools is therefore 20; 19 to one teacher; in one class of the (so-called) elementary school, 45.

In the same year (1866-7) the number of real-schools was 79, viz., 70 lower real-schools, and 9 with higher real-classes. The total number of classes is 167, (16 provisional,) with 158 teachers, viz., 19 in the higher and 139 in the lower real-school classes. Their organization differs; 1 (in Stuttgard) with 29 classes; 3 with 8 classes each, 4 with 5 classes, 6 with 3, 11 with 2, and 54 with 1 class each. There are in 167 classes, 4,917 scholars, (an average of 29 scholars to a class,) with 178 teachers, (including 20 temporarily appointed.) an average of 27 scholars to a teacher. During a period of 34 years, (1833-1867,) 201 real school teachers were appointed, an average of 6 new appointments per year. In 1867, 14 new real-school teachers were appointed, whilst only 5 left. In the same year, 20 candidates passed the examination, (viz., 5 realschool teachers, 13 collaboratoren, and 2 real professors. During the 14 years from 1853 to 1867, 151 classical teachers were appointed, an average of 10 new appointments per year. During the same period, 156 candidates passed the examination. This number, however, was not sufficient, and the government has hitherto been constantly obliged to appoint a number of non-examined candidates.

3. Expenses.

a. Contributions by the State and the commune.-The State contribution for superior instruction during the fiscal period 1867-1870 amounted to 364,150 florins per annum, which are distributed in the following manner: I. Expenses of the Classical and Philological Seminary,.... 1,975 fi. II. Expenses of Classical Instruction,

Lower Seminaries and Central Examination (Landexamen) 81,195 fl.
Gymnasia, Lyceums, Latin Schools,..

Sundries,

Total,.

118,683 AL.

8,170 fl.

207,948 fl.

728

III. For Real-schools,.

59,635 fl.

IV. For Real-schools and Classical Schools in common,

The sum devoted by the State to the classical institutions is more than three times as large as that devoted to the real-schools. Even if the amount (81,195 fl.) chiefly devoted to theological instruction is deducted, the remainder (126,753 fl.) is twice as large as that given to the realschools. The reason is not to be found in any governmental preference for the classical at the expense of the realistic instruction, but to the fact that the former have certain historic claims, which can not at once be ignored or changed. By degrees the number of classical schools is being reduced. There are already quite a number of Latin schools, which for years have scarcely been able to survive the competition of the modern instruction.

With regard to the real-schools the principle has been maintained that schools of the lower grade are essentially communal institutions, to be supported entirely by the communes, with only occasional subsidies from the State, which was originally the case with many of the Latin schools, but with regard to these, the church authorities lent a helping hand, and many even were entirely supported by such aid and special church funds. A striking example of this is the gymnasium and the real-school at Stuttgard. The former, founded in the 16th century and supported originally by the church, is at the present time almost entirely supported by the State, whilst the real-school, founded in 1818, is for the greater part maintained by the commune of Stuttgard. The expense of the real-school in Stuttgard for the scholastic year 1867-1868 amounted to 45,154 florins, which was met as follows: by the State, 15,243 fl.; by the commune, 16,011 fl.; by school-fees, 16,900 fl. The expense of the gymnasium for the same period was 48,816 fl., while the commune of Stuttgard only pays 817 fl., and the State 35,999 fl., the remainder, 12,000 fl., being borne by the school fees. The proportion of State contributions to the communal ones is therefore as three-fourths to onesixtieth.

In December, 1861, the total expense of the real-schools was 166,141 florins, viz., State contribution, 54,527 fl.; communal contribution, 78,440 fl.; school-fees, 33,173 fl. Entirely different is the proportion with regard to the classical schools for the same year, which we take, as we have no later exhibit of their financial status. In that year the total expense amounted to 177,197 f. Of this sum, 75,831 fl. were paid by the State, and 77,097 fl. by the communes, whilst the remainder, 24,000 fl., was paid by the school-fees. Since then the number of schools and of teachers has been increased; since 1858 and 1864 the salaries have been considerably raised, the increase with the 60 teachers' places in the upper

classes being paid by the State, and in the lower classes half by the State and half by the communes. But the proportion between the two con

tributing parties has not been altered materially.

b. School-fees.-There are no uniform regulations with regard to the amount of school-fees to be paid, nor the modes in which the avails shall be employed. There are towns (generally wealthy) where no school-fees are exacted either in elementary or in higher schools, as in Nagold. In some communes the fee is small, and is raised to remind parents of the fact, and the value of public instruction. The highest sum is paid by the externes (non-boarders) pupils of the lower seminaries, viz., 28 fl. per year, which is semi-annually distributed in equal portions to the three teachers longest in service. The lowest school-fee known is 2 florins per annum. Unless affected by endowments, or other special cause, the school-fee at superior schools is higher than at lower ones, and in larger than in smaller towns; and at real-schools than at gymnasia, lyceums, and Latin schools. In Stuttgard, where the school-fee at the real-school varies (according to the class) from 16 to 26 florins, at the gymnasium it is from 20 to 22 fl. At the real-school of Tübingen the school-fee in all classes is 6 fl., but in the gymnasium of the same city it varies from 11 to 18 fl. In some country towns the real-scholar annually pays 2 and the Latin scholar 7 florins; frequently sons of teachers are entirely exempt. In many institutions, especially in those which are aided or supported by the State, a certain number of free places exist, which are granted annually to the most deserving scholars designated by the teachers of the school. In some towns there are legacies for maintaining free places, which are bestowed according to the conditions of the legacy.

From the earliest times the school-fees have constituted part of the teachers' salary. The amount chargeable to this source is calculated according to an average for a number of years. This mode of raising income and its application to the salary of teachers has a good influence on the attendance of pupils and the zeal of teachers, but its collection by the teachers often engenders strife among the teachers of different schools, and between teachers and pupils. The government therefore of late has transferred the collecting of the fees to some public officer, with instructions to pay a certain proportion to the teachers. This is done in all new schools and classes, and is gradually applied to old institutions, which cling to their traditions. The rule is not uniform-in some schools the whole sum goes to a special fund for the benefit of the teachers, as in Stuttgard; in others, as at Tübingen, the whole sum is paid into the city treasury, and the teachers are paid a stipulated salary, without reference to the amount collected from this source; in others, it is paid into the treasury, with no advantage to the teachers.

PUBLIC INSTRUCTION IN THE FREE CITIES OF GERMANY.

I. HISTORY.

POPULATION.

GOVERNMENT.

THE "FREE HANSEATIC CITIES," Frankfort on the Main, Hamburg, Bremen, and Lübeck, formed a union in 1815, by which they became a corporate member of the German Confederacy, with one joint vote in the diet. This union is the sole remnant of the famous "Hanseatic League" which, first entered into by Hamburg and Lübeck in 1241, for mutual safety and the protection of their trade, was extended to embrace all the principal cities between Holland and Livonia, and was for many years the undisputed mistress of the Baltic and German Ocean. After the 15th century the power and influence of the League gradually declined, until in 1630 it was dissolved, Hamburg, Bremen, and Lübeck alone remaining faithful to their ancient alliance.

As "free cities" they are also remnants of the once numerous Imperial cities, which were not subject to any superior lord but were immediately under the empire, possessing various privileges and distinctions granted by the emperors or obtained by purchase.

HAMBURG is the largest of these cities and the capital of a small republic of an area of 135 square miles, consisting of two distinct territories, one of which is the joint property of Lübeck. Its population in 1860 was 230,000-176,000 belonging to the city and its suburbs, of whom 10,000 are Jews. Hamburg ranks as the greatest emporium of trade on the continent, and, next to London, has the largest money exchange transactions in Europe. It is also one of the principal ports for transatlantic emigration, and the center of a very extensive business in marine insurance. The government is in the hands of a moneyed aristocracy, the sovereign power being exercised by a senate of eighteen members, and a legislative body of 192 members. The latter body elect the senators for life, who annually elect a president from their own number.

FRANKFORT possesses a small territory of about thirty-nine square miles, with a population in 1861 of about 87,500. It is one of the most ancient cities of Germany, and from its position has from an early period been the commercial and political center of the nation. It derives great wealth from its banking transactions. The government is vested in the senate, with four syndics, twenty-one members, and two presidents, elected by the citizens; the legislative chamber is composed of fifty-seven members, and the highest court of appeal is, as is also true of Hamburg, the supreme tribunal at Lübeck.