Bentham Bentley Bentley work of his was the Flora Australiensis. stimulate a revolt against the French in Bentham (ben'tham), JEREMY, a dis- Italy. From 1829 to 1835 he was govtinguished writer on poli- ernor-general of India. He died in 1839. tics and jurisprudence, born at London Bentinck, LORD WILLIAM GEORGE in 1748; educated at Westminster and FREDERICK CAVENDISH, Oxford; entered Lincoln's Inn, 1763. He son of the fourth Duke of Portland, born was called to the bar, but did not prac- in 1802. He entered the army, but quitted tice, and, having private means, devoted it to become private secretary to Canning. himself to the reform of civil and criminal and in 1827 entered Parliament. Up to legislation. A criticism on a passage in 1846 he was a warm adherent of Sir RobBlackstone's Commentaries, published un- ert Peel; but in that year came forward der the title A Fragment on Government, as leader of the Protectionists in the 1776, brought him into notice. Of his House of Commons, abandoning the turf, other works the more important were: in which he had long reigned supreme. The Hard Labor Bill, 1778; Principles of With the assistance of Disraeli he mainMorals and Legislation, 1789; A Defense tained this position for two years, and of Usury, 1787; Introduction to the Prin- though often illogical, and sometimes unciples of Morals and Legislation, 1789; scrupulous in his statements, he neverDiscourses on Civil and Penal Legisla- theless commanded much attention by the tion, 1802; Treatise on Judicial Evidence, vigor and earnestness of his oratory and 1813, and the Book of Fallacies, 1824. deportment. He died in 1848. His mind, though at once subtle and com(bent'le), RICHARD, a great prehensive, was characterized by someEnglish classical scholar and thing of the Coleridgean defect in respect critic, born near Wakefield, Yorkshire, in of method and sense of proportion: and 1662. At the age of fourteen he entered he is, therefore, seen at his best in works St. John's College, Cambridge, where he that underwent revision at the hands of took the degree of B.A. in 1680. In his disciples. Of these M. Dumont, by 1682 he became a master of Spalding his excellent French translations and re- School, and in the following year was ap arrangements, secured for Bentham at an pointed tutor to Dr. Stillingfleet's son. arly date a European reputation and He lived in Dr. Stillingfleet's house durinfluence, and his editions are still the ing 1683-89, studying deeply, and accommost satisfactory. In England James panied his pupil to Oxford. In 1684 he Mill, Romilly, John Stuart Mill, Burton, took his M.A. degree at Cambridge, and and others of independent genius, have in 1689 at Oxford, where two years later been among his exponents. In ethics he he won immediate reputation by the publi must be regarded as the founder of cation of his epistle to Mill on the Greek modern utilitarianism; in polity and Chronicle of Malalas. Dr. Stillingfleet criminal law he anticipated or suggested having been raised to the bishopric of many practical reforms; and his whole Worcester, made Bentley his chaplain, influence was stimulating and humanizing. and in 1692 a prebendary in his cathedral. He died in London, 6th June, 1832. The same year he delivered the first series Benthos, the name given to the fixed of the Boyle Lectures, his subject being a organisms of ocean and deep confutation of atheism. In 1691 he was lake waters, in distinction to plankton, appointed keeper of the royal library at or floating organic matter. It consists St. James's Palace, and in 1696 came chiefly of algae, usually attached to into residence there. Two or three years stones, thence called lithophytes. It is after began his famous controversy with sparse above low water mark, on account the Hon. Charles Boyle, afterwards Earl of injurious exposure to atmospheric in- of Orrery, relative to the genuineness of fluences, but rich below this level; the the Greek Epistles of Phalaris, an edition green and brown sea-weeds predominating of which was published by Boyle, then a in the more shallow waters, the red at a student at Christ Church, Oxford. In greater depth; at great depths all plant this dispute Bentley was completely viclife disappears. torious, though the greatest wits and Bentinck (ben'tink), LORD WILLIAM critics of the age, including Pope, Swift, CAVENDISH. He was the Garth, Atterbury, Aldrich, Dodwell and second son of the third Duke of Portland, Conyers Middleton came to Boyle's assistborn in 1774. He served in Flanders, in ance. Bentley's Dissertation On Italy under Suwaroff, and in Egypt; was Epistles of Phalaris appeared in 1699governor of Madras 1803-5; and com- a monument of controversial genius manded a brigade at Corunna. In 1810 a storehouse of exact and penetrating he was British plenipotentiary and com- erudition.' In 1700 he was presented to mander-in-chief of the troops in Sicily; the mastership of Trinity College, Camand in 1813 headed an expedition into bridge, and from this period until 1738 Catalonia. In 1814 he endeavored to he was at feud with the fellows of that the Benton Benzoin college. A lawsuit, which lasted more man's army under General Slocum. With than twenty years, was decided against the coming of Federal reinforcements, him, but his opponents were unable to Johnston was obliged to retreat. The carry out the sentence depriving him of Federal losses were over 1500; the Conhis mastership. In 1711 he published an federate about 2500. edition of Horace and in 1713 his remarks on Collins's Discourse on Free-thinking, Benue (ben'we), a river of West Central Africa, the greatest tribuby Phileleutherus Lipsiensis. He was ap- tary of the Niger, which it enters from pointed regius professor of divinity in the east about 270 miles above its mouth. 1716. In 1726 he published an edition of Total length, 900 miles. Terence and Phædrus. He meditated an Hungary, of Polish origin. While fighting for the Polish Confederacy he was captured by the Russians and exiled to Kamchatka, 1770. He gained the affections of the governor's daughter, who assisted him to escape in 1771. He visited Japan, Macao, etc., and then went to France. His next voyage was to Madagascar, where he was made king in 1776 by the native chiefs. edition of Homer, but left only notes. In Benyowsky (ben-i-ov'ski) or BENHomeric criticism he has the merit of IOWSKY, MORITZ AUhaving detected the loss of the letter GUST, COUNT (1741-86), magnate of Hundigamma' (q. v.) from the written sary and of Poland, born at Verbowna, texts. His last work was an edition of Milton's Paradise Lost, with conjectural emendations (1732). He died in 1742. Benton (ben'tun), THOMAS HART, a statesman, born in or near Hillsborough, North Carolina, in 1782; died at Washington, in 1858. Studying law in Tennessee, he began practice at Nashville about 1811, and while serving He broke with the French government, as a soldier under General Jackson, in 1812, had a quarrel which led to a duel in which Jackson was severely wounded. He became editor of a political paper in St. Louis, 1815; was elected U. S. Senator from Missouri in 1820, and remained aro sought private aid in England and America (from Baltimore merchants), sailed again to Madagascar in 1785, and was killed fighting against the French. Benzene (ben'zen; CH), an matic liquid hydrocarbon, in the Senate until 1851. As such he discovered by Faraday in 1825. It is obsupported Presidents Jackson and Van tained from coal tar, or by heating benBuren, and opposed Calhoun on the sub- zoic acid with soda lime. It is also object of nullification. He was elected a tained synthetically by heating acetylene member of the House in 1852 and opposed gas. It is a valuable solvent for fats, the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. resins, and other substances. One of its In 1856 he was a candidate for the gov- most important derivatives is nitrobenernorship of Missouri. He published a voluminous and valuable work entitled, zene (q. v.), from which aniline (q. v.) is A Thirty Years' View. a city, county seat of Frank manufactured. Benzerta. See Bizerta. Benton, in Co., Illinois, 80 miles s. E. Benzine (benzin), a colorless, inflam of St. Louis, Mo., in a coal-mining, grain mable liquid, obtained from and live-stock section. It has manufac- the fractional distillation of crude petrotures of pressed brick, harness, enameled leum. It has great solvent powers and is stoves, folding boxes, etc. Pop. (1920) used in the preparation of varnishes, and 7201. for cleaning woolen and other cloths. Benton Harbor, a city of Berrien Benzoic Acid (ben-zo'ik; Co., Michigan, on Lake Michigan. It has a good harbor and is one of the most important fruitshipping points on the lake. Other exports are grain and lumber and medicinal water from the mineral springs in the city and vicinity. There are various manufactures, including furniture, overalls, flour, iron products, etc. Pop. (1910) 9185; (1920) 12,233. C, H, COOH), an organic acid obtained from benzoin by sublimation. It is used for medicinal purposes, as an antiseptic and expectorant. Benzoin (benʼzō-in, benʼzoin; Ar. luban jawi, Javanese incense'), a solid, brittle, vegetable substance, the concrete resinous juice flowing from incisions in the stem or branches of the Styrax benzoin, a tree 70 or 80 feet Bentonville, a a village of Johnston high, nat. order Styracaceæ. In com Co., North Carolina, merce several varieties are distinguished, of which the yellow, the Siam, the amygdaloidal-the last containing whitish tears of an almond shape and Sumatra firsts are the finest. It is imported from Siam, Singapore, Bombay, and occasionally from 17 miles w. of Goldsboro. It was here that the last serious battle of the Civil war was fought, March 19 and 20, 1865. A Confederate force under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston attacked the left wing of Sher Benzole Béranger Calcutta ; it is found also in South Amer- Béranger (ba-rän-zhā). PIERRE JEAN ica. The pure benzoin consists of two principal substances, viz., a resin, and an acid termed benzoic (which see). It has little taste, but its smell is fragrant when rubbed or heated, and it is used as incense in the Greek and Roman Catholic Benzoin Tree (Styrax benzoin). churches. It is insoluble in water, but DE, a distinguished French lyric poet, born in Paris 1780. His father was a restless and scheming man, and young Béranger, after witnessing from the roof of his school the destruction of the Bastille, was placed under the charge of an aunt who kept a tavern at Peronne. At the age of fourteen he was apprenticed to a printer in Peronne, but was ultimately summoned to Paris to assist his father in his financing and plotting. After many hardships he withdrew in disgust from that atmosphere of chicanery and intrigue in which he found himself involved, betook himself to a garret, did what literary hack-work he could, and made many ambitious attempts in poetry and drama. Reduced to extremity, he applied in 1804 to Lucien Bonaparte for assistance, and succeeded in obtaining from him, first, a pension of 1000 francs. and five years later a university clerkship. Beranger. as benzene. Beowulf (be'o-wylf), an Anglo-Saxon epic, the only existing MS. of which belongs to the eighth or ninth century, and is in the Cottonian Library (British Museum). From internal evidence it is concluded that the poem in its essentials existed prior to the AngloSaxon colonization of Britain, and that it must be regarded either as brought to Britain by the Teutonic invaders, or as His songs, two collections of which had an early Anglo-Saxon translation of a been published, offended the rulers and Danish legend. From the allusions in it he was sentenced to three months' imto Christianity, however, it must have prisonment and a fine of 500 francs. A received considerable modifications from third collection appeared in 1825, and in its original form. It recounts the adven- 1828 a fourth, which subjected him to a tures of the hero Beowulf, especially his second state prosecution, an imprisondelivery of the Danish kingdom from the ment of nine months, and a fine of 1100 monster Grendel and his equally formid- francs. In 1833 he published his fifth able mother, and, finally, the slaughter by and last collection, thereafter remaining Beowulf of a fiery dragon, and his death silent till his death. Shortly after the from wounds received in the conflict. revolution of February, 1848, he was The character of the hero is attractive elected representative of the department through its noble simplicity and disre- of the Seine in the constituent assembly, gard of self. The poem, which is the longest and most important in AngloSaxon literature, is in many points obscure, and the MS. is somewhat imperfect. but sent in his resignation in the month of May of same year. He died at Paris on July 16, 1857. From first to last he kept in sympathetic touch with the French people in all their humors, social and Berar political, influencing men in the mass more than any lyric poet of modern times. In private life he was the most amiable and benevolent of men, living unobtrusively with his old friend Judith Frère, who died a few months before him. Berar (ba-rar'), otherwise known as the Hyderabad Assigned Districts, a commissionership of India, in the Deccan, area, 17,711 square miles, consisting chiefly of an elevated valley at the head of a chain of ghauts. It is watered by several affluents of the Godavari and by the Tapti, and has a fertile soil, producing some of the best cotton, millet, and wheat crops in Indig. The two principal towns of Berar are Amráoti (pop. 35,000) and Ellichpur (26,000). Coal and ironore are both found in the province, the pop. of which is 2,750,000. Berar was assigned by the Nizam to the British gov ernment in 1853 in security of arrears due. The old Kingdom of Berar was much more extensive. Berat (ber-at'), a fortified town in the principality of Albania, situated about 30 miles northeast of the port of Avlona. It produces grain, oi! and wine in abundance. Pop. 15,000. Berber, a town on the right bank of Berengarius Kabyles in Algeria and Tunis; and fourth, the Berbers of the Sahara, who inhabit the oases. Among the Sahara Berbers the most remarkable are the Beni-Mzâb and the Tuaregs. They are believed to represent the ancient Mauritanians, Numidians, Gætulians, etc. Berbice (ber-bes'), a district of British Guiana watered by the river Berbice, and containing the town of Berbice or New Amsterdam, which has three churches and several public buildings. Berchta (berh'tä; i. e., Bertha), in the folk-lore of S. Germany, a sort of female hobgoblin of whom naughty children are much afraid. Her name is connected with the word bright, and originally she was regarded as a goddess of benign influence. Berchtesgaden (berh'tes-gä-dén), a town, Upper Bavaria, on the Achen or Alben in a beautiful situation, with a royal palace and villa, an ancient church, etc. There are important salt-mines in the neighborhood, and the people are also renowned for artistic carvings in wood. Pop. 10,046. Bdiansk (ber-di-ansk'), a seaport of Southern Russia, gov. the Nile, in the Egyptian of Taurida, on the north shore of the Sea Soudan, about 20 miles below the conflu- of Azof, with an important export and ence of the Atbara, an important station inland trade. Pop. 29,168. for merchants on the route from Sennaar Berdichef (ber-de'chef; Pol. Berdyand Khartoum to Cairo, and also from czew), a city of European Suakim. Pop. 10,000. Russia, gov. of Kiev, with broad streets, Berbera ber'be-ra), the chief seaport well-built houses, numerous industrial esand trading place of British tablishments, and a very large trade, havSomaliland, East Africa, on a bay afford- ing largely attended fairs. Pop. 53,728, ing convenient anchorage in the Gulf of chiefly Jews. Aden. An important fair, which lasts for Berea College, a coeducational in Ken some months, is held here, increasing the stitution in population from 10,000 to about 30,000. tucky on the edge of the Cumberland It came into British possession in 1885. Mountains. In 1916 the students enrolled Berberin (ber'be-rin), a golden-yellow in the five departments numbered 1350. coloring matter obtained Bereans (ber-e'ans; or Barclayans, from several species of Berberis or barfrom their founder, Barclay), berry. an insignificant sect of dissenters from the Church of Scotland, who profess to follow the ancient Bereans (see Acts, xvii, 10-13) in building their faith and practice upon the Scriptures alone, without regard to any human authority what Berberis (ber'be-ris), a genus of Berbers, a people spread over nearly derived. The chief branches into which Berengarius TOURS, born 998 at Tours, a teacher in the philosophical school in that city, and in 1040 Archdeacon of Angers; renowned for his philo sophical acuteness as one of the scholastic writers, and also for the boldness with which, in 1050, he declared himself against the doctrine of transubstantiation, and for his consequent persecutions. He was several times compelled to recant, but always returned to the same opinions, until he Berenice Abelard. Bergamot of Great Britain; it stirred up the government and led to the formation of the British Naval War Staff. Author of Life of Nelson, The Break-up of China, The Betrayal, etc. He died Sept. 7, 1919. Beresford (per'es-ford), WILLIAM CARR, VISCOUNT, a distinguished commander, a natural son of the first Marquis of Waterford; born in 1768. He entered the army, lost an eye in Nova Scotia, served at Toulon, and in Corsica, the West Indies, and Egypt. In 1806, as brigadier-general, he commanded the land force in the expedition to Buenos Ayres; and in 1808 remodeled the Portuguese army, receiving in return the titles Marshal of Portugal, Duke of Elvas, and Marquis of Santo Campo. He was subsequently engaged at Badajoz, Salamanca, Vittoria, and Bayonne, and for his bravery at the battle of Toulouse was raised to the peerage with the title of Baron (Viscount, 1823) Beresford. He died in a 1854. Beretta. was compelled, in 1080, by the opposition Berenson, BERNHARD, author and art Berezina critic, was born at Wilma, See Biretta. (ber-ez'i-na), BERESINA, a tributary of the Dnieper, Russia, in 1865; came to the United in the Russian province of Minsk, renStates with his parents and was educated dered famous by the disastrous passage of at the Boston Latin School and Harvard the French army under Napoleon during University. He graduated in 1887 and the retreat from Moscow, Nov. 27-29, went to Italy to study Italian painting. 1812. ern Siberia, government of Tobolsk, on a branch of the Obi, the entrepôt of a large fur and skin district. Pop., chiefly Cossack, 1073. He became an authority on the subject Berezov (ber-yoz'ov), a town in Westand contributed many articles to the art journals of Italy, Germany and France. Among his published works are: Venetian Painters of the Renaissance, Lorenzo Lotto, Florentine Painters, Central Ital ian Painters, A Siennese Painter of the Beresford, ADMIRAL LORD CHARLES officer and parliamentarian, son of Rev. bombarded Alexandria in 1882, and fol lowing the bombardment he instituted a regular police system in Egypt. He served with Lord Wolseley on the Nile Expedition, 1884-85, and was in command of the naval brigade at Abu Klea, Abu Kru, and Metemmeh. He became rear Berg, an ancient duchy of Germany, on the Rhine. Now included in governments Arnsberg, Cologne, and Düs seldorf. Bergama (ber'gå-må; ancient Pergamus), a town of Turkey in Asia, north of Smyrna; contains fine ruins of a Roman palace, etc. Pop. est. from 6000 to 20,000. Bergamo (ber'ga-mō), a town of North Italy, capital of the Province of Bergamo. Pop. 26,660. The comic characters in the Italian masked comedy are Bergamese, or affect the Bergamese dialect. admiral of the Mediterranean fleet i Bergamot (berʼga-mot), a fruit-tree, 1900; commanded the Channel Squadron, 1903-05; was promoted to Admiral in 1906. From 1905 to 1909 he was commander-in-chief of the Mediterranean and Channel fleets. He retired in 1911. He served as Member of Parliament for Waterford from 1874 to 1880; East Marylebone, from 1885 to 1890; York, 1897 to 1900; Woolwich, 1902. In his book, The Betrayal, he was outspoken in condemnation of the shipbuilding policy a variety or species of the genus Citrus, variously classed with the orange, Citrus aurantium, the lime, Citrus limetta, or made a distinct species as Citrus bergamia. It is probably of Eastern origin, though now grown in S. Europe, and bears a pale-yellow pearshaped fruit with a fragrant and slightly acid pulp. Its essential oil is in high esteem as a perfume.-Bergamot is also a name given to a number of different pears. The name is commonly used for |