Canon by paddles, often in conjunction with sails. The name was originally given to the boats of uncivilized races, but its application has been considerably extended, and canoes of home make may be seen on the waters of the most civilized countries. They are of the most diverse materials and construction. Often they are hollowed out of a single log. The Indian canoes of Canada are of bark on a wooden frame. The Eskimo kaiaks consist of a light wooden frame, covered with sealskins sewed together with sinews, and having only one opening to admit the boatman to his seat. In the islands of the Pacific the Canonization again before the parts which follow are Native Canos, akuhiva Island. natives have double canoes, united by a Canoness (kan'on-es), a lady hold ing a similar position to a canon. Canonesses still exist in Germany. Canonical (ka-non'-i-kal) HOURS, certain stated times of the day appropriated by ecclesiastical law to the offices of prayer and devotion in the Roman Catholic Church, viz.: matin with lauds, prime, tierce, sext, nones, evensong or vespers, and compline. Canon, a church dignitary who pos- Canonicals (ka-non'i-kals), the sesses a prebend, or revenue allotted for the performance of divine the clergy. service in a cathedral or dress or vestments of collegiate Canonization (kan-on-i-za'shun), a church. Canons were formerly divided ceremony in the Rointo canons regular, or those living a man Church by which deceased persons monastic life, and canons secular, those are declared saints. The pope institutes not so living. a formal investigation of the miraculous Canon, in music, a composition in and other qualifications of the deceased which the several voices be- person recommended for canonization; gin at fixed intervals, one after the other, and an advocate of the devil, as he and in which each successive voice sings is called, is appointed to assail the the strain of the preceding one. Finite record of the candidate. If the examinacanons, like ordinary compositions, end tion is satisfactory, the pope pronounces with a cadence, while infinite canons are the beatification of the candidate, the to contrived that the theme is begun actual canonization generally taking Cape Colony Cape May tury the colony was under the Dutch East India Company. It was held by the British from 1795-1801, and it came finally into British possession in 1806. The progress of the colony was long retarded by a series of Kaffir wars, the last of which was in 1851-53. In 1910 Cape Colony was incorporated under title of Cape of Good Hone, with the Transvaal, Orange River, and Natal colonies, into the commonwealth named the Union of South Africa (q. v.). Capefigue (kap-feg), BAPTISTE HO Coal and copper are worked, and the diamonds have brought a great amount of money into the colony since 1869, and have given rise to the town of Kimberley, the center of the diamond-fields. Wheat, maize, and other cereals can be grown almost everywhere, if there is sufficient moisture, in some years yielding a surplus for exportation. All kinds of European vegetables, pot-herbs, and fruits thrive excellently, and fruits dried and preserved are exported. The vine is cultivated, and excellent wines are made. Sheep-rearing, especially that of pure merinoes, is the most important indus- historian and biographer (1802-72). try, and wool the chief export. Ostrich Cape Girardeau (jir-är'do), a city ported. Both native and angora goats Co., Missouri, on the Mississippi, 50 are bred, and the export of mohair is miles above Cairo, Illinois. It is the seat important. Cattle-breeding is also car- of St. Vincent's College and a normal ried on to some extent. There are as school. Its many manufactures include yet no manufactures of importance. The cement, flour, cigars, bricks, etc. Marble, colony is intersected by 1600 miles of lime, sandstone and clay deposits are in railway, far-inland Kimberley being now the vicinity. Pop. (1910) 8475; (1920) thus connected with Cape Town and 10.252. feathers, hides, and skins are also ex and measures are alone in use, except NORE RAYMOND French of Cape Girardeau the N. coast of Haiti. Port Elizabeth. British money, weights, Cape Haitien (ha'ti-en), a town on that the general land measure is the It has an excellent harbor, but has Dutch morgen=2.116 acres. The total declined in importance since the last imports in the year 1908 were $63,699,- century. Pop. about 30.000. 390; the total exports $210,557,610, Cape Hatteras, made up chiefly of gold, diamonds, wool, a dangerous cape on the coast of ostrich feathers, and hides and skins. North Carolina, the projecting point of The revenue was $34,909,365; expendi- a long reef of sand. Cape Horn, or THE HORN. the ture $39,868.635; the public debt $265, 729,400. The European inhabitants southern extremity of consist in part of English and Scot- an island of the same name, forming the tish settlers and their descendants, most southerly point of South America. but, notwithstanding the recent influx It is a dark, precipitous headland, 500 to of settlers from Britain, the majority 600 feet high, running far into the sea. are still probably of Dutch origin. The Navigation round it is dangerous on ac colored people are chiefly Hottentots, count of frequent tempests. The cape Kaffirs, Basutos, Griquas, Malays, and was first doubled in 1616 by Schouten, a mixed race. The laborers are chiefly a native of Hoorn, in Holland, whence Hottentots and Kaffirs. For the higher its name. education there are four colleges, besides a university (at Cape Town) incorporated in 1873. Responsible government has been possessed by the colony since 1872. The executive is vested in the governor (who is appointed by the King of England and is also commanderin-chief) and an executive council of officeholders appointed by the British government. The legislative is in the hands of a council (the Upper House); and a representative house of assembly (Lower House), elected for five years. The revenue is derived mainly from duties on goods imported. After Cape Town the Capel (kap'el), LORD ARTHUR, Son of Sir Henry Capel, born about 1600; raised to the peerage by Charles I. During the parliamentary war he fought bravely as one of the royalist generals in the west in the engagements at Bristol, Exeter, and Taunton. Having been at length forced to surrender at Colchester to General Fairfax he was imprisoned, and, after some vicissitudes, executed on March 9, 1649. His Daily Observations or Meditations was published posthumously with a memoir. a popular seashore water Cape May, poplace at the southern chief towns are Port Elizabeth, Graham's Town, Kimberley, Stellenbosch, King end of New Jersey, 81 miles by rail s. William's Town, and Graaff Reinet. by E. of Philadelphia, noted for its fine The Dutch first colonized the Cape in beach, five miles in length and almost 1652, and till the end of the 18th cen- level throughout. Pop. 2471. Cape Nome the N. W. coast of Alaska, at the entrance of Norton Sound, about 2700 miles N. W. of Seattle. In July, 1899, Cape Nome, situated on gold was discovered on the beach. The amount of gold produced up to Jan., 1901, is estimated at over $20,000,000. Since then the yield has fallen off. Nome is the only city. Its former population of over 12,000 has decreased to 2600. Capet buds of the marsh-marigold (Caltha palustris) and nasturtium are frequently pickled and eaten as a substitute for capers. Capercailzie, OR CAPERCAILLIE (kap. "ér-kal'ye), or Cock or THE WOOD, the wood-grouse (Tetrão urogallus), the largest of the gallinaceous birds of Europe, weighing from 9 to 12 lbs. In the male the neck and head are ashy black, the wings and a celebrated shoulders brown with small black dots, Cape of Good Hope, promontory the breast variable green, the belly black near the southern extremity of Africa, with white spots, the rump and flanks at the termination of a small peninsula black with zigzag lines of an ashy color, extending south from Table Mountain, and the tail-feathers black, with s.nall which overlooks Cape Town. This pe- white spots near their extremities. The ninsula forms the west side of False Bay, female, about one third smaller than the male, is striped and spotted with red or bay, black and white, and has the feathers of the head, breast, and tail of a more or less ruddy hue. It is common in N. Asia, in parts of Russia, and throughout Scandinavia. For some time it was almost or wholly extinct in Great Britain, but has been successfully reintroduced. (ka-per'nã-um), a Capernaum town in ancient and on its inner coast is Simon's Bay and Simon's Town, where there is a safe anchorage and a British naval station. Bartholomew Diaz, who discovered the Cape in 1487, called it Cape of Storms. a province of Cape of Good Hope, the Union of S. Africa, formerly Cape Colony (q. v.). Caper (kaper), the unopened flowerbud of a low trailing shrub (Capparis spinosa, order Caparidaceae), which grows from the crevices of rocks and walls, and among rubbish, in the countries bordering the Mediterranean. Picked and pickled in vinegar and salt it is much used as a condiment (capersauce being especially the accompaniment of boiled mutton). The flower Palestine, on the w. side of the Sea of Tiberias. Nothing of it now remains, but the site is identified with Tel Hum. W. point of Portugal; noted for the naval victory gained off it by Sir John Jervis (afterwards Earl of St. Vincent) on February 14, 1797. Capet (ka-pet), the name of the French race of kings which has given 118 sovereigns to Europe, viz., 36 kings of France, 22 kings of Portugal, 11 of Naples and Sicily, 5 of Spain, 3 of Hungary, 3 emperors of Constantino Cape St. Vincent, the, s. w. ple, 3 kings of Navarre, 17 dukes of Burgundy, 12 dukes of Brittany, 2 dukes of Lorraine, and 4 dukes of Parma. The first of the Capets known in history was Robert the Strong, a Saxon made Count of Anjou by Charles the Bold, and afterwards duke of the Ile de France. His descendant, Hugh, son of Hugh the Great, was in 987 elected King of France, succeeding the Carlovingian dynasty. On the failure of the direct line at the death of Charles IV the French throne was kept in the family by the accession of the indirect line of Valois, and in 1589 by that of Bourbon. Capet being thus regarded as the family name of the Kings of France, Louis XVI was arraigned before the National Con vention under the name of Louis Capet Cape Town Capillarity Cape Town, the metropolis of South Capias (ka'pi-as: L., take, or you Africa, capital of the may take), in law, a writ of province of Cape of Good Hope (formerly two sorts: one before judgment, called a Cape Colony), Union of South Africa, capias ad respondendum, to take the desituated on Table Bay, at the base of fendant and make him answer to the Table Mountain. It is regularly laid out plaintiff; the other, which issues after and furnished with all the institutions and judgment, of divers kinds; as, a capias conveniences of a European town, has a ad satisfaciendum, or writ of execution. fine library and museum, Catholic and Anglican cathedrals, the houses of Parlia Capillaries (kap'i-lar-iz), in anat omy, the fine blood-vesment, government offices, the University sels which form the links of connection of Cape Town, and other splendid build- between the extremities of the arteries ings. The port has an inner and outer and the beginnings of the veins, and harbor, protected by great breakwaters. from which the tissues of the body reIt is the seat of the legislature of the ceive their nourishment. Union of South Africa. Cape Town is 5979 miles from Southampton; transit Capillarity (kap-i-l a r'i-ti), the general name for cerabout 16 days. In 1918 the white popu- tain phenomena exhibited by fluid surlation of Cape Town was estimated at faces when the vessels containing the 99,693. Cape Tulip. See Blood-flower. point of Africa, between the Senegal and the Gambia, discovered by Fernandez, 1445. Cape Verde Islands, a group of "ten or fifteen volcanic islands and rocks in the Atlantic, 320 miles west of Cape Verde (see above), belonging to Portugal. They are, in general, mountainous, and the lower hills are in many places covered with verdure; but water is scarce, and the failure of the annual rains has sometimes caused severe famines. They produce rice, maize, coffee, tobacco, the sugar-cane, physic-nuts, and various fruits. Coffee, hides, archil, physic-nuts, etc., are exported. Most of the inhabitants are negroes or of mixed race. The chief town is Praia, a seaport on São Thiago (Santiago), the largest island. Porto Grande, on São Vicente, is a coaling station for steamers. Pop. 147,424. Cape Wrath, the northwest extremity of Scotland, county Sutherland. It is a pyramid of gneiss bearing a lighthouse, the light of which is 400 ft. above sea-level. Capgrave (kap grav), JOHN, an English historian, born at Lynn, Norfolk, April 21, 1393. Most of his life was passed in the Augustinian friary of his native place, where he died in 1464. He was one of the most learned men of his day, and wrote numerous commentaries, sermons, and lives of the saints. His most important work was his Chronicle of England, in English, extending from the creation to the year 1417. Other works were a Liber de Illustribus Henricis and a Life of St. Katherine. liquid are very narrow, and also exhibited by that portion of the fluid surface which is in close proximity to the serted object. Thus, if an open tube of small bore be inserted in water, it will be noted that the liquid rises within it above its former level to a height vary. ing inversely as the diameter of the bore, and that the surface of this column is more or less concave in form (as in Fig. 1). The same phenomenon occurs in any fluid which will wet the tube; but in the case of a fluid like mercury, which does not wet the glass, the converse phenomenon appears, the liquid being depressed in the tube below its former level, and the portion within the tube exhibiting a convex surface (see Fig. 2). Similarly round the sides of the respective vessels, and round the outsides of the inserted tubes, we find in the first case an ascension, and in the second a depression of the liquid, with a corresponding concavity or convexity at its extreme edge. Two parallel plates immersed in the liquids give kindred results. As these phenomena occur equally in air and in vacuo they cannot be attributed to the action of the atmosphere, Capital but depend upon molecular actions taking place between the particles of the the solid, these actions being confined to liquid itself and between the liquid and a very thin layer forming the superficial boundary of the fluid. Every liquid, in fact, behaves as if a thin film in a state of tension formed its external layer; and although the theory that such tension really exists in the superficial layer must be regarded as a scientific fiction, yet it adequately represents the effects of Capital Punishment ultimately a scarcely less important part in production than that invested in di Capital, ally restricted to the upper rectly productive machinery. an architectural term, usu portion of a column, the part resting immediately on the shaft. In classic architecture each order has its distinctive capital, but in Egyptian, Indian, Saracenic, Norman, and Gothic they much diversified. See Column. Capital, the chief city of a state or the real cause, whatever that may be. Scientific calculations with respect to ment. are county, the seat of govern capillary depressions and elevations pro- Capital Punishment, in criminal ceed, therefore, on the working theory that the superficial film at the free surface is to be regarded as pressing the liquid inwards, or pulling it outwards according as the surface is convex or concave the convex or concave film being known as the meniscus (crescent). The part which capillarity plays among natural phenomena is a very varied one. By it the fluids circulate in the porous tissues of animal bodies; the sap rises in plants, and moisture is absorbed from air and soil by the foliage and roots. For the same reason a sponge or lump of sugar, or a piece of blotting-paper soaks in moisture, the oil rises in the wick of a lamp, etc. Capital (kapital), in trade, the term applied, as the equivalent of 'stock,' to the money, or property convertible into money, used by a producer or trader for carrying on his business; in political economy, that portion of the produce of former labor which is reserved from consumption for employment in the further production of wealth-the apparatus of production. It is commonly divided under two main heads circulating capital and fixed capital. Circulating capital comprises those forms of capital which require renewal after every use in production, being consumed (absorbed or transformed) in the single use, e.g. raw materials and wages. Fixed capital, on the other hand, comprises every form of capital which is capable of use in a series of similar productive acts, e. g., machinery, tools, etc. From the ordinary economic point of view capital is conveniently limited to material objects directly employed in the reproduction of material wealth, but from the higher social point of view many things less immediately concerned in productive work may be regarded as capital. Thus, Adam Smith includes in the fixed capital of a country, the acquired and useful abilities of all the inhabitants; and the wealth sunk in prisons, educational institutions, etc., plays the punishment by death. Formerly in many countries it was the ordinary form of punishment for felonies of all kinds; but a more accurate knowledge of the nature and remedies of crime, a more discriminating sense of degrees in criminality, and an increased regard for human life later tended to restrict, if not to abolish, the employment of the penalty of death. The improvement in the penal laws of Europe in this respect may be traced in large part to the publication of Beccaria's treatise on crimes and punishments (Dei Delitti e delle Pene) in 1764. that time in England, as Blackstone a year later pointed out with some amount At of feeling, there were 160 capital offences in the statute book. The work of practical reform was initiated in 1770 by Sir William Meredith, who moved for a committee of inquiry into the state of the criminal laws; but the modifica. tions secured by it were few, owing to the opposition of the House of Lords, which contiuued down to 1832 to oppose systematically all attempts at criminal law reform. In the year of the passage of the Reform Bill (1832) forty kinds of forgery with many less serious offences were still capital, though from that time the amelioration was rapid. In several other European countries-Sweden, Denmark, North Germany, Bavaria, Austria-there is even a greater unwillingness to enforce capital punishment than is found in Great Britain, though the penalty remains upon the statute books. In Belgium there has been no execution since 1863. In Switzerland capital punishment was abolished in 1874, and though the right of restoring it was allowed to each canton in consequence of an increase of murders, only 7 out of a total 22 have availed themselves of it. In Roumania it was abolished in 1864; in Holland in 1870; and it has also been discontinued in Portugal. In several of the states of America-Michigan, Wisconsin, Rhode Island, and Maine, im. |