Candlefish Canephoras order Myricaceae, growing from 4 to 18 author of several popular books on refeet high, and common in North Amer- ligious subjects. ica, where candles are made from its drupes or berries, which are about the size of peppercorns, and covered with a greenish-white wax popularly known as bayberry tallow. The wax is collected by boiling the drupes in water and skimming off the surface. A bushel of berries yields from 4 to 5 lbs. of wax. Another plant belonging to the same genus is the sweetgale (Myrica Gale), which grows abundantly in bogs and marshes in Scotland-a small shrub, with leaves somewhat like the myrtle or willow, of a fragrant odor and bitter taste, and yielding an essential oil by distillation. a sea-fish of the salmon Candlefish, family, the Thaleich thys Pacificus, frequenting the northwestern shores of America, of about the size of the smelt. It is converted by the Indians into a candle simply by passing the pith of a rush or a strip of the bark of the cypress-tree through it as a wick, when its extreme oiliness keeps the wick blazing. It is called also Oulachon. Candlemas xan'dl-mas), a church feast, instituted in 492 in commemoration of the presentation of Christ in the temple and of the purification of Mary. It falls on February 2, and on this day among Roman Catholics lighted candles are carried about in procession, and all candles and tapers which are to be used in the churches during the entire year are consecrated. In Scotland Candlemas is a term-day. Candlenut, the nut of Aleurites tri loba, a tree of India, the Moluccas, Pacific Islands, etc., nat. order Euphorbiaceæ. It is about the size of a walnut, and yields an oil used for food and for lamps, while the oily kernels are also strung together and lighted as torches. Candy, near the center of the island, or KANDY, a city of Ceylon, 72 miles N. E. of Colombo (with which it is connected by railway), in a fertile valley surrounded by finely-wooded hills. The former residence of the governor is thought one of the finest structures in Ceylon. Other noteworthy places are the Buddhist temple, sacred in the Buddhist world, the old royal cemetery, the military magazine in the center of a lake, the government brickworks, etc. Candy was formerly capital of the native kingdom of Candy. Pop. 26,522. an Eastern Candy, measure of weight, varying from 560 lbs. up to above 800. Candy, SWEETMEATS, forms of tooth COMFITS, CONFECTIONS, some delicacies made by means of sugars, fruits, flavoring extracts, etc.; wholesome if pure and properly made, but sometimes adulterated with indigestible or poisonous substitutes for the proper ingredients. Candytuft (kan'di-tuft). the popu lar name of several flowers of the genus Ibēris, order Cruciferæ, common in gardens; said to be named from Candia. Cane. See Bamboo, Rattan, Sugar cane. Canea (ka-ne'a), or KHANIA, a seaport of Crete or Candia on the N. coast, the principal mart for the commerce of the island in wax, soap, oil, silks, fruits, wool, and provisions. Pop. 21,025. Canebrake (kan-brāk), a term applied to the extensive growths of a giant reed (Rudolfia [Arundinaria] macrosperma), which reaches a height of 20 or more feet and forms dense swamp jungles, sometimes of wide area, along the lower Mississippi, the Red, and Arkansas Rivers. Candlish (kand'lish), ROBERT Canella (ka-nel'a), WHITE (C. alba), SMITH, a Scottish divine, a tree belonging to the West born at Edinburgh in 1807 and educated Indies, growing to the height of 10 to at Glasgow University. In 1828 he was 50 feet, with a straight stem branched licensed, and in 1834 transferred from only at the top. It is covered with a Bonhill to St. George's, Edinburgh. In whitish bark, which is freed from its out1839 he threw himself into the conflict ward covering, dried in the shade, and with the civil courts in the matter of brought to Europe in long quills, some congregational right of election and in- what thicker than those of cinnamon. dependent church jurisdiction in matters It is moderately warm to the taste, and spiritual, and soon became, next to Chal- is esteemed as a pleasing and aromatic mers, the most prominent leader of the bitter. non-intrusion' party and disruptionists the bearers of the of 1843. From the death of Chalmers Canephoros (kan-e'for-os), one of till his own death in 1873 Candlish was baskets containing the implements of the ruling spirit in the Free Church. sacrifice in the processions of the DionyIn 1862 he was made principal of the sia, Panathenea, and other ancient Gre New College, Edinburgh. He was the cian festivals, an office of honor much Canes Venatici coveted by the virgins of antiquity. The term is applied to architectural figures Canephoros, from terra cotta in British Museum Canning Canker (kan'ker), (1) in medicine, collection of small sloughing ulcers in the mouth, especially of chil dren; called also water canker. (2) In horticulture, a kind of gangrenous disease to which fruit-trees especially are liable, beginning in the younger shoots and gradually extending to the trunk. (3) In farriery, a disease in horses' feet causing a discharge of fetid matter from the cleft in the middle of the frog, generally originating in a diseased thrush. Canker-worm, a worm or larva destructive to trees or plants; in America specifically applied to moths and larvæ of the genus Anisopteryx. Canna (kan'a), a genus of plants, order Marantaceæ, some species of which have fine flowers, and some from their black, hard, heavy seeds are called Indian shot. Cannabinaceæ (ka n-a-b i-n a'se-ē), the order of plants bearing baskets on their head, sometimes to which only two plants, hemp (genus improperly confounded with Caryatides. Cannabis) and the hop, belong, closely Canes Venatici (ka'nez ve-nat'i-se; allied to the nettle order. 'the hunting Cannæ (kan'ne), a town of S. Italy, dogs), a northern constellation, within the limits of which several remarkable nebulæ occur. Cang, CANGUE, or KEA, the wooden collar, weighing from 50 to 60 lbs. and fitting closely round the neck, which is imposed upon many criminals in China. province of Bari, near the mouth of the Ofanto, formerly the Aufidus, famous as the scene of the great battle in which the Romans were defeated by Hannibal (216 B. c.) with im mense slaughter. Cannanore. See Cananore. Cannel Coal. See Coal. Canicatti (kan-i-käte), a town in Sicily, province of Girgenti, well built, and with a pop. of Cannes (kan), a seaport of France, 24,564, mostly engaged in agriculture. on the shore of the Mediter There are extensive sulphur mines in ranean, dep. Alpes-Maritimes; famous as its vicinity. a winter residence, and as the place Canicula (ka-nik'ü-la). the dog-star where Napoleon landed when he reor Sirius; hence Canicular turned from Elba, March 1, 1815. days, the dog-days. 29,656. Canidæ of animals. Canis (ka'nis), the genus of animals to which the dog, wolf, and fox belong. Pop. ANTHROPOPHAGY, the kan'i-de), the dog family Cannibalism (ka n'i-ba l-izm), or Canis Major (the greater dog'), a localities, though it is now practically eradicated. See Anthropophagi. Canning (kan'ing), CHARLES JOHN, ID Canning his carefully-pondered decisions I were sometimes lacking in promptness, yet his admirable moderation did much to re-establish the British Empire in India. He was raised to the rank of earl and made viceroy, but returned to England with shattered health in 1862, dying in the same year. Canning, GEORGE, a distinguished orator and statesman, born in London in 1770; educated at Eton and at Oxford. He was first brought into Parliament by Pitt in 1793, and in 1796 became undersecretary of state. In 1797 he projected, with some friends, the Anti-Jacobin, of which Gifford was appointed editor, and to which Canning contributed The Knife Grinder and other humorous poems. In 1798 he supported Wilberforce's motion for the abolition of the slave-trade. In 1807 he was appointed secretary of state for foreign affairs in the Portland administration, George Canning Cannon lic emancipation, arranged the triple alli ance for the preservation of Greece, but opposed parliamentary reform and the Test and Corporation Acts. He was appointed prime minister on April 12 1827, but his administration was terminated by his death on the 8th of August following. On all the leading political questions of his day, with two excep tions-the emancipation of the Catholics » STRATFORD DE REDCLIFFE, an English diplomatist, son of a London merchant and cousin of George Canning, born in 1788. He entered the diplomatic service in 1807, and in 1820 became plenipotentiary at Washington. In 1824 he went as ambassador extraordinary to St. Petersburg, and afterwards to Constantinople about the Greek difficulty: but negotiations were broken off by the battle of Navarino. He was sent again to Constantinople in 1831, and to Spain In 1832, and from 1834 to 1841 sat in Parliament for King's Lynn. In 1842 he became ambassador at Constantinople, a post held by him for sixteen years under varying ministries with high honor. In 1852 he was raised to the peerage, and in 1869 created Knight of the Garter. He retired from diplomatic work in 1858, but exercised no small influence in the House of Lords, and as late as 1880 drew up a paper on the Greek claims. He died in August of that year, having done more than any other man to establish British prestige in the East. Canning Industry. See Preserved Provisions. Cannock (kan'nok), a town of England, in Staffordshire, 72 and was slightly wounded in a duel with miles N. W. of Walsall, with coal-mines, Castlereagh. In 1810 he opposed the etc. Has ironworks. Pop. 28,588. Near reference of the Catholic daims to the it is Cannock Chase, a tract of 36,000 committee of the whole House, on the acres. or ground that no security or engagement Cannon (kan'on), a large gun had been offered by the Catholics, but cise period at which engines for propiece of ordnance. The presupported in 1812 and 1813 the motion missiles by mechanical force which he had opposed in 1810. In 1814 jecting he was appointed minister to Portugal, those utilizing explosive materials is a (catapults, etc.) were supplanted by and remained abroad about two years. matter of controversy, the invention of He refused to take any part in the pro- cannon being even attributed to the ceedings against the queen, and in 1822, Chinese, from whom the Saracens may having been nominated Governor-gen- have acquired the knowledge. A doubteral of India, he was on the point of l authority asserts their use at the embarking when the death of Castlereagh siege of Belgrade in 1073; but they were called him to the cabinet as foreign secre- certainly brought into use in France as tary. One of his earliest acts in this early as 1338. At first they were made situation was to check the French in- of wood, well secured by iron hoops, fluence in Spain. He continued to sup- the earliest shape being somewhat coniport the propositions in favor of Catho cal, with wide muzzles, and afterwards Cannon Cannon cylindrical. They were then made of iron built-up gun, and the wire-wrapped gun, bars firmly bound together with iron hoops the distinctive feature of the latter being like casks, Mons Meg at Edinburgh being that certain parts of the gun are wrapped a good example. Bronze was used in the with wire in the form of ribbon. It was second half of the 14th century, towards found that the best steel forging could not the close of which and during the 15th be given a tensile strength within the century cast-iron ordnance came into use. elastic limit of much over 25 tons per A form of breech-loading cannon was in- square inch, and the construction of the troduced in the 16th century. Cannon plain built-up guns in which the jacket were formerly dignified with great names. and chase hoops were shrunk on the tube Twelve cast by Louis XII were called extending the whole length of the gun, after the twelve peers of France, and with additional hoops over the chase Charles V had twelve called after the hoops, was modified to meet certain twelve apostles. Later such names as the structural defects, and the method of wirefollowing came into general use: cannon wrapping adopted. It is claimed for the royal, or carthoun, carrying 48 pounds; wire-bound cannon that it insures a posiculverin, 18; demi-culverin, 9; falcon, 6; tive soundness of material, impossible to basilisk, 48; siren, 60, etc. Cannon were secure in a built-up gun; that it gives then named from the weight of the balls greater strength of material, hence greater which they carried: 6-pounders, 12-pound- tangential strength; that the initial teners, etc.; but are now usually, especially sion can be more accurately regulated; the large ones, designated by the diameter and that it is stronger all around than the of their bore, as a 6-, 8-, or 12-inch gun. built-up gun. These advantages are in The heavy cannon of modern times are some measure negatived by certain disadnot cast, as was formerly the practice, but vantages, one notably being a lack of riare formed of forged steel by what is gidity in the longitudinal direction of the known as the building-up process. The gun, which is not present in the built-up different parts are known as the tube, construction, and which tends to increase jacket, hoops, locking rings, trunnion the droop of the muzzle and give a rings, wire (ribbon) winding, etc. The certain whip' to the piece when fired internal stress that a cannon is subjected which reduces accuracy. In consequence to is of two kinds: longitudinal stress, of this and other disadvantages the builtwhich acts in the direction of its length up guns are more generally used and are and tends to pull the muzzle away from amply strong enough to stand any presthe breech; the other kind of stress is sure desirable in service. In addition called the circumferential or tangential they are much cheaper to build than the stress and tends to split the gun open in wire-wound type. Modern heavy guns are lines parallel to the axis of the bore. made of medium open-hearth carbon steel, Both of these stresses are the result of or carbon steel with about 3 per cent. longitudinal and radial pressures of the nickel. The ingots for the tube, jacket gas engendered by the ignition of the pow- and hoops are cast solid in approximately der. As long as projectile velocities of their final shape, forged in hydraulic under 1500 feet per second were found presses or under steam hammers, annealed efficient, cannon cast in one piece sufficed; and then machined to final size. The tube but when, in order to get a greater velocity or inner part of the piece is then placed an increase in the pressure became neces- upright in an assembling pit and the sary, it was found that no metal tube jacket and hoops are shrunk on, after cast or forged would stand the strain. It which the finishing work is done and the was explained that the inner surface of breech mechanism fitted. Modern cannon, the tube has a greater percentage of both military and naval types, are stretch than the outer surface, and this rifled and are breech loading. The stretch decreases from the inner to the largest guns, 16-in., are used in the outer, and that the outer surface is not U. S. Coast Defense batteries; the 16-in. materially strained until the inner one gun is also used aboard recent U. S. has been strained to its elastic limit, after ships of war. England has equipped which the outer part gives no material as- several of her latest battleships with 15.5sistance and further thickness is of no in. guns, and other nations are following benefit. In an attempt to do away with in the line of heavy armament. Military this condition, cannon were constructed on cannon are divided into three classes, acthe principle of varying elasticity, in cording to the proportion of the length to which the metal with the greatest elongation within its elastic limit is placed next to the bore. This system was not found to give altogether satisfactory tests in its application to high-powered guns, and was replaced by the initial tension system, which comprises two methods: the plain the calibre, viz., guns, mortars and howitzers. In guns the length is relatively great, in mortars relatively small, compared to their calibres; howitzers are a class between guns and mortars. The field artillery guns of the American service are the 3.6-in. B. L. mortar, 3.6-in. heavy. Cannon Canoe and 3.2-in. light field gun. The siege guns Speaker. Returned to Congress by elec in the service are the 5-in. siege gun, the tion Nov., 1914. 7-in. howitzer and the 7-in. mortar. The Cano (ka'no), ALONSO, a painter, sculp. coast-defence artillery consists of the 8-. tor, and architect, who has been 10-, 12-, and 16-in. guns and the 12-in. called the Michel Angelo of Spain, born mortar. See Artillery, Machine Gun, etc. in 1601 at Granada. He first made himCannon, was born at Guilford, church of Lebrija, and was in 1638 apJOSEPH GURNEY, Congress- self known by his statues for the great North Carolina, May 7, 1836. He was pointed painter to the king. His wife admitted to the bar in Illinois and be- having been murdered by a servant or Marshall Island Canoe or Pro came state attorney for Vermilion Co. pupil, he was suspected and put to tor(1861-68), representative in Congress ture; but his right arm was spared from (1873-91), and again since 1893. Elected respect for his talents. He afterwards Speaker of the 58th Congress, he con- became a priest, and was made a racionero tinued to hold that office until the 61st, (resident) of Granada, where he passed though giving much dissatisfaction by his the remainder of his life, dying in 1664 arbitrary and despotic rulings and his ab- or 1667. solute control of the House. In 1909 new Canoe (ka-nö'; through the Spanish rules were adopted by the House which canoa, from the native West took from him much of his power. In the Indian name), a light boat narrow in 82d Congress he lost his position as the beam and adapted to be propelled |