Calyptra Cambay she was ordered by Hermes to permit a single color, varied only by gradations his departure. Calyptra (k a-lip'tra), the hood of the theca or capsule of mosses. The same name is given to any hoodlike body connected with the organs of fructification in flowering plants. Calyptræidæ (ka-lip CALYPTRA. tre i-a. Moss. b. Cap. de), a family of gaster- sule with calyp opodous molluscs, known tra. c, Do. with as bonnet or chambered calyptra removed. limpets. The typical genus Calyptræa includes the cup-andsaucer limpet. Calystegia (ka-lis-te'ji-a), a genus of ceœ. plants, order Convolvula See Bindweed. Calyx (kliks), in botany, the name of the single color, by light and shade, etc. Drawings in India ink, sepia, etc. are classed as works en camaieu. Camaldolites (ka-mal'do-lits), C MALDULIANS, or CAMALDUNIANS, a nearly extinct fraternity of monks founded in the Vale of Camal doli in the Apennines in 1018, by St. Romuald, a Benedictine monk. They were originally hermits, but as their wealth increased they associated in con vents. They have always been distinguished for their extreme aseticism, their rules in regard to fasting, silence, and penances being most severe. Like the Benedictines, they wear white robes. Camargue (ká-märg), LA, the delta of the Rhône, in South France, department of Bouches-du-Rhône. It is protected from the inundations of the river by dikes, and is mostly an un given to the exterior covering healthy tract of pools and marshes, only corolla, which it Camayeu. See Camaieu. Cambacérès (kän-ba-sa-ra), JEAN encloses and sup ports. The parts or leaves which belong to it are called sepals; they may be united by their margins or distinct, and are usually of a green color and of less delicate texture than the corolla. In many flowers, however (especially monocotyledons), there is little or no difference in character between calyx and corolla, in which case the whole gets the name of perianth. When the calyx leaves are distinct the calyx is called polysepalous (a a a in accompany ing cut); when united, gamosepalous or monosepalous (b b). Cam, or GRANTA, an English river which Cam, wheel or other revolving piece so placed as to give an alternating or varying motion to another piece that comes in contact with it and is free to move only in a certain direction. Camaieu (ka-m ā'ū), monochrome painting or painting with JACQUES RÉGIS DE, Duke of Parma, born in 1753 at Montpellier; died at Paris in 1824. He was trained a lawyer, and by his talents soon attracted the notice of the Convention, and was appointed to various judicial offices. In the discussion relative to the fate of the king he declared Louis guilty, but disputed the right of the Convention to judge him, and voted for his provisory arrest, and in case of a hostile invasion, death. For a time he had the management of foreign affairs; and when Bonaparte was first consul, Cambacérès was chosen second. After the establishment of the empire, Cambacérès was created arch-chancellor, grand officer of the Legion of Honor, and ultimately Duke of Parma. He was banished on the second restoration of Louis XVIII, but was subsequently permitted to return. Cambaluc (kam'ba-luk), CAM BALU, the name by which the city which we now know as Peking be came known to Europe during the middle ages. Cambay (kam-ba), a feudatory state of Gujarat, India, tributary to Baroda. Area 350 sq. miles. Also, the capital of above state, situated at the head of the Gulf of Cambay, formerly a flourishing port, but now decayed. Pop. 36,000.-The gulf separates th Jamberwell Cambridge peninsula of Kathiawar from the north- Cambrai (kän-bra; in German called ern coast of Bombay. Length, 80 miles; Kamerik or Kambryk), a average breadth, 25 miles. fortified French city, on the Scheldt, in Camberwell (kam'ber-wel), a suburb the dep. Du Nord, 104 miles northeast of London, s. side of of Paris; long celebrated for its manuthe Thames, in the county of Surrey. facture of fine linens and lawns, whence Pop. 261,357. See London. similar fabrics are called cambrics. It is exogenous stems. "tensive series of conglomerates. sandstones, Camberwell Beauty, a rare Brit- the seat of an archbishop, and has & ish butter- cathedral, an archiepiscopal palace, town. fly, Vanessa Antiopa. The wings are house, etc. Cambrai is the Camaracum deep, rich, velvety brown, with a band of the Romans, by whom it was fortified. of black, a row of large blue spots, and Pop. 21,791.-The League of Cambrai, a an outer band or margin of pale yellow league forned in 1508 between Louis dappled with black spots. The cater XII of France, the German Emperor pillar feeds on the willow. Maximilian, and Ferdinand of Spain, for Cambium (kam'bi-um), in botany, a the purpose of humbling the Republic of mucilaginous viscid substance forming a layer immediately under Venice, and which was joined in 1509 by the liber or inner bark of plants, supposed Pope Julius II. See European War. to fulfil important functions in the for- Cambria (kam'bri-a), the Latin name of Wales, derived from mation of new wood. It is found only in Cymri, the name of the branch of the Cambodia (kam-bō'di-a), or CAMBO- Celts to which the Welsh belong. JA, a country in the Indo- Cambrian Rocks, in geology, an exChinese peninsula, bounded N. by Siam, E. by Anam, 8. by French Cochin-China gritstones, and Gulf of Siam, and w. by Gulf of slates, and shales, lying under the Lower Siam. The greater part of it is low and Silurian beds, and above the Archæan, flat, with numerous streams, the chief and divided into the Upper and Lower being the Mekong or Cambodia River. Cambrian. Many fossils occur in the The soil is very fertile, and the vegetation series, including sponges, star-fishes, trilogenerally is marked by tropical luxuri- bites, brachiopods, lamellibranchs, pteroance. Cattle are exceedingly numerous; pods, gasteropods, cephalopods, etc. They among wild animals are the elephant and may be regarded as the bottom rocks of tiger; gold and precious stones are found. the Silurian system, and are well develIn early times Cambodia was a powerful oped in N. Wales (hence the name), but state exacting tribute even from Siam, can be recognized in many other regions. but it gradually fell into decay, and lost Cambric (kam'brik), originally the a large part of its dominions to S'am. name of a fine kind of linen Magnificent ruins attest the former pros which was manufactured principally at perity. Since 1863 it has been a protec- Cambrai (German Kambryk) in French torate of France, and since 1884 prac- Flanders, whence the name. It is now tically a French colony, though ruled by applied to a cotton fabric, which is very a king of its own. The chief town is extensively manufactured in imitation of Pnom-Penh; the port is Kampot. Pop. the true cambric, and which is in reality estimated at 1,000,000 to 1,500,000, partly a kind of muslin. namese, etc. inland Cambodians proper, partly Siamese, An- Cambridge (kam'brij); an county of England, Cambon (kän-bon'), JULES, an illus- bounded by the counties of Lincoln, trious French diplomat, born Northampton, Huntingdon, Bedford, in 1845. He served in the Franco-Prus- Hertford, Essex, Suffolk, and Norfolk: sian War; was made director-general in the civil service of Algeria in 1874, and and generally fertile; a large part bearea 822 sq. miles. The soil is diversified governor-general in 1891. In 1891-1902 he was French ambassador at Washing rivers are the Cam or Granta, and the longs to the fen country. The principal ton, and as such was the real diplomatic use. By drainage much of the fen land representative of Madrid in the Spanish- (including the Bedford Level) has been American war. Later, as ambassador from his country to Berlin, he made the converted into good arable land and into Morocco pact that kept the peace between excellent pastures, and about nine-tenths France and Germany. of the county is under cultivation. The Camborne (cam'born). a town of county abounds in dairy farms, celebrated England, county of Corn- for the production of excellent butter and wall, 11 miles N. W. of Falmouth, in the cheese. The 8. E. of the county, extending vicinity of productive tin and copper from Gogmagog Hills to Newmarket, bemines. Pop. (1911) 15,829. ing bare and healthy, is chiefly appro priated to sheep-rearing; on the s. the Cambridge ground produces fine wheat, barley, and oats. The county town is Cambridge; other towns are Ely, Wisbech, Newmarket, and March. Pop. 215.122.-CAMBRIDGE, the county town, is situated on the river Cam, 50 miles N. of London. It is an ancient place, and was a Roman station (Granta). It occupies a perfect level encompassed by the colleges, and their beautiful grounds and gardens, on both sides of the Cam. Several of the streets are narrow and winding, but some are spacious and airy, and much improvement has taken place of late years. The town is supported mainly by the presence of Cambridge University; but has some manufactures. Pop. (1911) 40,628. Cambridge fees; sizars, students of limited means, who receive various emoluments. There is also a certain number of non-collegiate students. The head of each college and the fellows together form the governing body of the college. The university is composed of a chancellor, vicechancellor, the masters or heads of colleges, fellows of colleges, and students, and is incorporated as a society for the study of all the liberal arts and sciences. The senate, which is composed of all who have taken the degree of Doctor or Master, is the great legislative assembly of the university. The chief executive power is vested in the chancellor, the high-steward, and the vice-chancellor, who Cambridge, UNIVERSITY OF, one of is the head of some college. Two proctors the two great English superintend the discipline of all persons universities, as old at least as the thir- in statu pupillari. Bachelors of Arts teenth century, situated in Cambridge may obtain 'honors' in the following detown. The following list contains the partments-Mathematics, Classics, Moral names of the colleges or distinct corpor- Sciences, Natural Sciences, Law, Hisate bodies comprised in the university, tory, Theology, Semitic Languages, Inwith the time when each was founded:- dian Languages, Medieval and Modern 1. St. Peter's College, or Peter House. 2. Clare College, formerly Clare Hall. 3. Pembroke College. 4. Gonville and Caius College. 5. Trinity Hall.. 6. Corpus Christi College 7. King's College.. 8. Queen's College 1257 Languages. The successful candidates 1326 in each of these departments are ar1347 ranged in a tripos, that is, in three 1348 grades. In the mathematical tripos these 1350 three grades are called, respectively, 1352 Wranglers, Senior Optimes, and Junior 1441 Optimes; in the other triposes they are 1448 called first, second, and third class. Wo 9. St. Catherine's College, or Catherine Hall. 1473 men who have fulfilled the conditions of 10. Jesus College. 11. Christ's College. 12. St. John's College. 13. Magdalene College. 14. Trinity College. 15. Emmanuel College. 16. Sidney Sussex College. 1496 residence and standing may be admitted 1505 to the tripos examinations. Those who 1511 pass are placed in the published lists, and 1519 receive certificates; but no degrees are 1546 conferred upon them. Two colleges 1584 1598 (Girton and Newnham) have been es1800 tablished for women, but they are no part 1882 of the university, though many of the university lectures are open to students of these colleges. The annual income of the university was recently about $300,000, arising from various sources, including the produce of fees at matriculations, for degrees, etc. The total number of students, fellows, masters, etc., in the institution is over 13,000. A botanical garden, ૧ medical school, an observatory, and a valuable library containing more than 500,000 printed volumes, besides many manuscripts, are attached to the university. Each of these colleges is a separate corporation, which is governed by laws and usages of its own, although subject to the paramount laws of the university. At the head of each is an official who is generally styled the Master of the college. Next in rank come the Fellows (in number about 400), who are graduates and have formerly been distinguished students, and who receive an annual allow ance from the college funds, varying from about $750 to $1250. The students (undergraduates) are of several classes, a city, county seat of namely: Fellow-commoners, who are genGuernsey Co., Ohio, 59 erally the younger sons of the nobility, miles N. of Marietta. It has sheet, tin, or young men of fortune, pay high fees, and bar mills, glass plant, various types and have the privilege of dining at the of potteries, furniture factory, and the fellows' table; scholars, who are elected largest coal mines in the State. It is by examination or otherwise, and receive served by the Baltimore & Ohio and the an annual allowance from the college Pennsylvania railroads. Pop. 13,104. funds; pensioners, who form the great hody of the students and pay ordinary a city of Massachusetts, separated from Boston by Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridge Camel Charles River. It is laid out with broad to collect matter for his great work, the streets and many open spaces. It is the Britannia, which gives a topographical seat of Harvard University (which see), and historical account of the British Isles and was selected as the site of the Massa- from the earliest ages. In 1593 Camden chusetts Institute of Technology. It has became headmaster of Westminster, and been the home of many famous persons, four years afterward Clarencieux kingand Mount Auburn Cemetery, nearby, at-arms. Besides the Britannia, Camden contains the graves of many of the lead- published a narrative of the Gunpowder ers in American literature. Longfellow's Plot, a history of the reign of Queen Elizlast residence, facing Charles River, is abeth and an account of the monuments an object of interest to visitors. It is and inscriptions in Westminster Abbey. one of the oldest towns in New England He died in 1623. and practically forms part of Boston, Camden, the county seat of Camden though distinct as a municipality. The County, N. J., on the Delacity comprises Old Cambridge, North ware River, opposite Philadelphia, with Cambridge. Cambridgenort and a part of which it is connected by several lines of Mt. Auburn. Pop. (1920) 109,694. steam ferries. Camden is an important Cambridge, a city, county seat of shipping point; it has large market gar Dorchester Co., Mary- dens in the suburban districts adjacent, land, on the Choptank River, 57 miles s. E. and is noted for its manufacturing and of Baltimore, with which it has steamer shipbuilding interests. The leading manucommunication. It has fish, oyster and factures are talking machines, soups, malumber interests, etc. Pop. 7467. chinery. foundry products, cotton and Cambuskan (kam-bus'kan), a prince woolen goods, oilcloth. lumber, chemicals, of Cambaluc (Peking), paints, steel pens, soaps, candies, leather, His name is a corruption of Genghis pottery, heating appliances, cork, etc. The Khan, but the story told of him applies New York Shipbuilding Corporation is to Kublai Khan, the conqueror of here, and the Emergency Fleet housing China. The story is partly told by project, known as Yorkship Village. Chaucer, is referred to by Milton in Il Camden was chartered as a city in 1828. Penseroso, and is completed by Spenser It was the home of Walt Whitman, 1873in the Faerie Queene. Some of its ro- 92, and his grave is here. Pop. (1900) mantic elements occur in The Arabian 75,935; (1910) 94,538; (1920) 116,309. Nights, the Panchatantra, and elsewhere Camel (kam'el; Camelus), a genus of in oriental literature. See Clouston's Popular Tales and Fictions (1887). Cambusken'neth, of Scotland, now an ancient abbey in ruins, near Stirling, founded in 1147 by David I. Cambuslang', a town of Scotland, 3 miles s. E. of Glasgow, with collieries adjacent. Pop. 8500. Cambyses (kam-bi'sez). (1) A Persian of noble blood, to whom King Astyages gave his daughter Mandane in marriage. Astyages was dethroned by Cyrus, the offspring of this union. (2) The son of Cyrus the Great, and grandson of the preceding, became, after the death of his father, King of the Persians and Medes, B.C. 529. In the fifth year of his reign he invaded Egypt, conquering the whole kingdom within six months. But his expeditions against the Ammonites and Ethiopians having failed, his violent and vindictive nature broke out in cruel treatment of his subjects, his brother Smerdis and his own wife being among his victims. He died in 521 B.C. Camden (kam'den). WILLIAM, a celebrated antiquary and historian, was born in London in 1551. Appointed second master of Westminster School, he devoted all his leisure to the study of British antiquities. and began ruminant quadrupeds, char. acterized by the absence of horns; the teeth; a fissure in the upper lip; a long possession of incisive, canine, and molar and arched neck; one or two humps or protuberances on the back; a broad elastic foot ending in two small hoofs, which does not sink readily in the sand of the desert. The native country of the camel is said to extend from Morocco to China, within a zone of 900 or 1000 miles in breadth. The commor camel (Camelus Bactrianus), having two humps, is only found in the northern part of this region, and exclusively from the ancient Bactria, now Turkestan, to China. The dromedary, or single-hump camel (Camelus dromedarius, or Arabian camel), is found throughout the entire length of this zone, on its southern side, as far as Africa and India. It is found throughout Egypt and the desert regions of Arabia and northern Africa. The Bactrian species is the larger, more robust, and more fitted for carrying heavy burdens. The dromedary has been called the race-horse of its species. To people residing in the vicinity of the great deserts the camel is an invaluable mode of conveyance. It will travel three days under a load and five days under a rider without drinking. The stronger varieties carry from 700 to 1000 Figs. 1 and 2, Arabian Camels and Camel driver. Fig. 3, Bactrian or two-humped Camel. animal being quite straight) and form a Cameilia (ka-mel'ya), a genus of store upon which the system can draw when the outside supply is defective. Hence the camel-driver who is about to start on a journey takes care to see that the humps of his animal present a full and healthy appearance. Camels which carry heavy burdens will do about 25 miles a day, those which are used for speed alone, from 60 to 90 miles a day. The camel is rather passive than docile, showing less intelligent co-operation with its master than the horse or elephant; but it is very vindictive when injured. It lives from forty to fifty years. Its flesh is esteemed by the Arab and its milk is his common food. The hair of the camel serves in the East for making cloth for tents, carpets and wearing apparel. It is imported into European countries for the manufacture of fine pncils for painting and for other purposes. The South American members of the family Camelidæ constitute the genus Auchenia, to which the lama and alpaca belong; they have no humps. Camel, a water-tight box or caisson used to raise a sunken vessel, or to float & vessel over a shoal or bar. It is let down with water in it, and is plants, order Ternstremi aceæ (the tea order), with showy low ers and elegant dark-green, shining. laurel-like leaves, nearly allied to the plants which yield tea, and named from George Joseph Kamel, a Moravian Jesuit. The C. Japonica, in Japan and China, is a lofty tree of beautiful proportions. It is the origin of many double varieties of our gardens. Besides this species, the C. Sasanqua, with small, white, scentless flowers, and the C. reticulata (net veined), with its large peony-like flowers, are cultivated in the United States. Camelopard (ka-mel'o-pard, kam'el o-pard), a name given to the giraffe (Camelopardalis giraffa), originally from the notion that it was a kind of hybrid between a camel and leopard. It constitutes the only speries of its genus and family (Camelopardalida or Devexa). See Giraffe. Camel's Thorn (genus Alhagi). a name of several plants belonging to the natural order Leguminosa, and the suborder Pa pilionaceæ. They are herbaceous or halfshrubby plants growing in the deserts of Egypt and the East, and derive their |