Bourbon Bourges In 1489, and by his marriage with the and entered the order of the Jesuits, beheiress of the elder Bourbon line ac- coming teacher of rhetoric, philosophy, quired immense estates. He received and morals in the Jesuit college of his from Francis I, in the twenty-sixth year native place. In 1669 he entered the of his age, the title of Constable, and pulpit, and he preached for a series of in the war in Italy rendered important years at the court of Louis XIV with services by the victory of Marignano and great success. The lofty and dignified the capture of Milan. After occupying eloquence with which he assailed the vices for years the position of the most power- of contemporary society brought him fame ful and highly honored subject in the even at a time when Paris was ablaze realm he suddenly fell into disgrace, from with the feasts of Versailles, the glory of what cause is not clearly known. But it Turenne's victories, and the masterpieces is certain that the intrigues of the court of Corneille and Racine. After the repeal party, headed by the king's mother and of the Edict of Nantes (1686) he was the Duke of Alençon, were threatening sent to Languedoc in order to convert the to deprive him both of honors and estates. Protestants, a task in which he was not The Constable, embittered by this return unsuccessful. His rermons are amongst for his services, entered into treasonable the classics of France. He died in 1704. negotiations with the Emperor Charles and the King of England (Henry Bourdon (bör'don), a bass stop in an organ or harmonium having VIII), and eventually fled from France a droning quality of tone. to put his sword at the service of the former. He was received with honor by Bourg (börg), or BOURG-EN-BRESSE, a town of Eastern France, capital Charles, who knew his ability, and being of the dep. of Ain, well built, with a handmade general of a division of the imperial some parish church, public library, army, contributed greatly to the over- museum, monuments to Bichat, Joubert, whelming defeat of Francis at Pavia. and Edgar Quinet, and near the town But Bourbon found that Charles V. was the beautiful Gothic church of Brou, built readier to make promises to him than to in the early 16th century; some manufulfil them, and he returned disappointed factures and a considerable trade. Pop. and desperate to the command of his (1906) 13,916. army in Italy, an army nominally belong ing to the emperor, but composed mostly Bourgelat (börzh-lä), CLAUDE, creator of the art of veterinary of mercenaries, adventurers, and des- surgery in France, born in 1712; died in peradoes from all the countries of Europe. 1779. He established the first veterinary Supplies falling short, and the emperor school in his native town in 1762, and refusing to grant him more, the Con- his works on the art furnished a comstable formed the daring resolve of lead- plete course of veterinary instruction. ing his soldiers to Rome and paying them with the plunder of the Eternal City. Bourgeois (bur-jo' or bur-jois), a size of printing type larger than On May 6, 1527, his troops took Rome brevier and smaller than long primer, by storm, and the sacking and plunder- used in books and newspapers. in continued for months. But Bourbon Bourgeoisie (börzh-wȧ-zē), a himself was shot at the head of his soldiers in scaling the walls. Bourbon, ISLE OF. See Réunion. Bourbon, ky in the United States. name applied to a certain class of population in France, in contradistinction to the nobility and clergy as well as to the working classes. It thus includes all those who do not belong to the nobility or clergy and yet occupy an independent position, from financiers and heads of great mercantile establishments at the one end to master tradesmen at the other. The term was used by the leaders of the Bolsheviki (q. v.) in Russia to apply to all who were not of the laboring class. In America it is usually applied to the mid Bourbon-Vendée (bör-bon-vän-da), dle classes. DÉE, a French town, now LA ROCHE- Bourchier (bör'chi-er), JOHN, LORD Bourdaloue (bör-då-lö), LOUIS, one of (börzh), an ancient city of France, capital of the dep. of Cher, situated at the confluence of the Auron and Yèvre, 124 miles s. of Paris, formerly surrounded with ramparts, now laid out as promenades. It has crooked and gloomy streets, and houses built in the old style. The most noteworthy Bourget building is the cathedral (an archbishop's) of the 13th century, and one of the finest examples of Gothic in France. Bourges is a military center and has an arsenal, cannon-foundry, etc., manufactures of cloth, leather, etc. Pop. 45,375. (bör-zha), PAUL, a French Bourget novelist, born at Amiens in 1852. His literary career began with several volumes of striking verse and two volumes of Essais. His first novel, L'Irréparable, appeared in 1884. Many others followed, also Sensations d'Italie, and Outre Mer, a work of travel to the United States. He was elected to the French Academy in 1894. Bourmont (bör-mon), LOUIS AUGUSTE VICTOR DE GHAISNE, COMTE DE, Marshal of France, born in 1773; died in 1846. Entering the republican army, he distinguished himself under Napoleon, who made him a general of division. After the restoration he readily took service with the new dynasty, and in 1830 commanded the troops which conquered Algiers, a success which gained for him the marshal's baton. After the revolution of 1830 he followed the banished Charles X into exile, but later retired to his estate in Anjou, where he died. Bourne (born), VINCENT, an English scholar, born in 1695; died in 1747. In 1721 after graduating as M.A. at Cambridge, he became a master in Westminster School, where he remained, so far as is known, to the end of his life, He is one of the few who have attained a kind of fame for writing Latin verse with a felicity and grace which might seem to rival those of the Roman poets themselves. His poems in Latin, which include original compositions and versions of English songs, epitaphs, etc., were first published in 1734. Cowper and Lamb translated various pieces of his. Bournemouth (born'muth), a watering-place in Hampshire, having one of the best beaches in England. It has a fine climate and beautiful scenery, and has greatly increased in population in recent years. Pop. (1911) 78,677. Bournouse. See Burnoose. Bourrienne (bö-re-an), FAUVELET DE, a French diplomatist, was born in 1769, and educated along with Bonaparte at the school of Brienne, where a close intimacy sprang up between them. Bourrienne went to Germany to study law and languages, but returning to Paris in 1792 renewed his friendship with Napoleon, from whom he Boutwel! obtained various appointments, one of them that of minister plenipotentiary at Hamburg. His character suffered from his being involved in several dishonorable monetary transactions, yet he continued to fill high state offices and in 1814 was made prefect of police. On the abdication of Napoleon he paid his court to Louis XVIII, and was nominated a minister of state. The revolution of July, 1830, and the loss of his wealth affected him so much that he lost his reason, and died in a lunatic asylum in 1834. His Mémoires sur Napoléon, le Directoire, le Consulat, l'Empire et la Restauration are valuable. Boussa (bo'sa), a kingdom of Gando, W. Sudan, on the Niger. Boussingault (b-san-go), JEAN BAP TISTE JOSEPH DIEUDONNÉ, a French chemist, born at Paris in 1802; died in 1887. He went to South America in the employment of a mining company, and made extensive travels and valuable scientific researches there. Returning to France he became professor of chemistry at Lyons in 1839, was made a member of the Institute, and then made Paris his chief residence. His works deal chiefly with agricultural chemistry, and include Economie Rurale (translated into English and German); Mémoires de Chimie agricole et de Physiologie; Agronomie, Chimie agricole, et Physiologie, etc. Bouterwek (bö'ter-vek), a German author, born in 1706; died in 1828. He became a deep student of philosophy and literary history, his History of Modern Poetry and Eloquence (1801-19) being a work of high value, the part which treats of Spanish poetry and eloquence being especially esteemed. Bouts Rimés bo re-mă: French, rhymed ends '), words or syllables given as the ends of the verses, the other parts of the lines to be supplied by the ingenuity of the poet. In the 17th century the composition of bouts rimés was a fashionable amusement. Bout'well, GEORGE SEWALL, a states man, born in Brookline, Massachusetts, in 1818. Soon after be ing admitted to the bar (1836) he entered politics as an Anti-Slavery Democrat. He was governor of Massachusetts 18513, and afterwards one of the organizers of the Republican party in that State. In 1863-9 he was in Congress, and was one of those conducting the impeachment of President Johnson. During Grant's first term he was Secretary of the Treasury, and subsequently (1873-7) a member of the Senate. He died Feb. 28, 1905. Bovidæ Bowet Bow Bells, the peal of bells belonging to the church of St. Maryle-Bow, Cheapside, London, and celebrated for centuries. One who is born within the sound of Bow Bells' is considered a genuine Cockney. Bowdich (bou'dich), THOMAS ED Bovidæ (bov'i-de), the ox family of which serves to regulate the tension of animals, including the com- the hairs. mon ox, the bison, buffalo, yak, zebu, etc. They are hollow-horned, ruminant animals, generally of large size, with broad, hairless muzzles and stout limbs, and most of them have been domesticated. Bovino (bo-ve'no), a fortified town of South Italy, province of Foggia or Capitanata, 20 miles s. s. w. Foggia, the seat of a bishopric, suffragan to Benevento. Pop. 7613. Bow (bo), the name of one of the most ancient and universal weapons of offense. Formerly made solely of wood, it is now of steel, wood, horn, or other elastic substance. The figure of the bow is nearly the same in all countries. The ancient Grecian bow was somewhat in the form of the letter E: in drawing it the hand was brought back to the right breast, and not to the ear. The Scythian bow was nearly semicircular. The long bow in medieval wars was the favorite national weapon in England. The battles of Crécy (1346), Poictiers (1356), and Agincourt (1415) were won by this weapon. It was made of yew, ash, etc.. of the height of the archer, or about 6 feet long, the arrow being usually half the length of the bow. The arbalist, or WARD, an African traveler, born in 1790. In 1816 he led an embassy to the King of Ashantee, and afterwards published an account of his mission (1819). Having undertaken a second African expedition, he arrived at the river Gambia, where disease put an end to his life in 1824. NATHANIEL, Bowditch (bou'ditch), con an eminent mathematician, born at Salem, Massachusetts, in 1773. After serving as ship-chandler and as an officer on a merchant ship, he attracted attention in 1802 by his The Practical Navigator. He was afterwards nected with insurance companies, and (1829-38) performed the great work of translating Laplace's Mécanique Céleste, with a copious commentary which added greatly to its value. He died in 1838. He Bowdoin (bo'd'n), JAMES, born in 1727. crossbow, was a popular weapon with at Boston, Massachusetts: the Italians, and was introduced into died in 1790. He distinguished himself England in the 13th century, but never as an opponent of the policy of Britain; was so popular as the long-bow. In Eng- in 1785 was appointed governor of Masland the strictest regulations were made sachusetts, and he was a member of the to encourage and facilitate the use of Constitutional Convention of 1787. the bow. Merchants were obliged to was a friend and correspondent of import a certain proportion of bow-staves Franklin.-Bowdoin College, Brunswick, with every cargo; town-councils had to Maine, was named after him. It is a provide public shooting butts near the flourishing institution, which has had town. Of the power of the bow, and the among its students Longfellow and Hawdistance to which it will carry, some thorne. remarkable anecdotes are related. Thus Stuart (Athenian Antiquities, i) mentions a random shot of a Turk, which he found to be 584 yards. In the journal of King Edward VI it is mentioned that 100 archers of the king's guard shot at a 1-inch board, and that some of the arrows passed through this and into another board behind it, although the wood was extremely solid and firm. See Archery. Bow, in music, is the name of that wellknown implement by means of which the tone is produced from violins and other instruments of that kind. It Bowen (bo'en), FRANCIS, author, born ARCHIBALD, a Scottish writer, is made of a thin staff of elastic wood. Bower, born in 1686, of Catholic par tapering slightly till it reaches the lower end, to which the hairs (about 80 or 100 horse-hairs) are fastened, and with which the bow is strung. At the upper end is an ornamental piece of wood or ivory called the nut, and fastened with a screw, ents. He was employed by the booksellers in conducting the Historia Literaria, a monthly review of books, and in writing a part of the Universal History, in sixty vols. 8vo. He also published a History of the Popes characterized by the utmost Bower-bird tant in 1766. Bowman zeal against popery. He died a Protes- 1789 he composed a series of sonnets, by which the young minds of Coleridge and Bower-bird, a name given to certain Wordsworth were powerfully affected. In Australian birds of the addition to the Sonnets he published The starling family from a remarkable habit Spirit of Discovery, The Missionary of they have of building bowers to serve the Andes, and other poems. as places of resort. The bowers are Bowline (bo'lin), a rope fastened near constructed on the ground, and usually the middle of a square sail, under overhanging branches in the most to keep the ship nearer the wind; also retired parts of the forest. They are the name given to a knot. decorated with variegated feathers, shells, small pebbles, bones, etc. At each end Bowling (bo'ling), a popular indoor there is an entrance left open. These cient bowls (q. v.), also called Ten Pins game, derived from the anbowers do not serve as nests at all, but (q. v.). It is played on alleys not less seem to be places of amusement and than 41 nor more than 42 inches wide, and resort, especially during the breeding 60 feet long from the head pin to the foul season. The Satin Bower-bird (Ptilo- line. The pins are 15 inches high, 22 norhynchus holosericeus), is so called inches in diameter at the base, 15 inches from its beautiful glossy plumage, which in circumference at a point 41⁄2 inches is of a black color. Another common from the base. The balls must not exceed species is the Spotted Bower-bird 27 inches in circumference, nor exceed 16 pounds in weight. It is a 'strike' when the player bowls down the ten pins with his first ball; a 'spare' when they are downed with two balls. In the U. S. tournaments are held annually under the auspices of the American Bowling Congress. The first tournament was held in Chicago in 1901. Bowling Green, a city, county seat of Warren Co., Kentucky, on Barren River, at head of navigation, 71 miles N. by E. of Nashville, Tenn. It is in a productive oil territory, and there is also a very large deposit of natural rock asphalt. Tobacco and genBower-bird (Chlamydera maculata) and its Run, eral farm crops are raised in the vicinity. Its mule market is renowned. It has the (Chlamydera maculata), which is about largest strawberry patch in the United 11 inches long, or rather smaller than States. In 1919-20 it became famous as the first mentioned, and less gay in color, a shallow-oil well territory. Seat of a but is the most lavish of all in decorat- normal school and several colleges. Pop. ing its bowers. Bowie-knife, a long kind of knife like a dagger, but with only one edge, named after Colonel James Bowie, and formerly much used in America by hunters and others. (1920) 9638. a city, county seat Bowling Green, of Wood Co., Ohio, 20 miles s. of Toledo; center of an oil and gas region. It has machine shops, 'foundries and manufactures of underwear, Bow Instruments, are all the inautomobiles, etc. Seat of State Normal struments strung College. Pop. (1920) 5788. with catgut from which the tones are an ancient British produced by means of the bow. The Bowls (bols), game, still popular. It is most usual are the double-bass (violono played on a smooth, level lawn, called the ՈՐ contrabasso), the small bass, or green,' generally 40 yards square, survioloncello, the tenor (viola di braccio), rounded by a trench 6 inches deep and a and the violin proper (violino). In ref- foot wide. A small white porcelain ball, erence to their construction the several the jack,' is placed at one end of the parts are alike; the difference is in the green; the object of the players is to so size. See Violin. roll their bowls that they may lie as near Bowles (bōlz) WILLIAM LISLE, an to the jack as possible. 1762 at King's Sutton, Northamptonshire, Bowman Boxer Rebellion was an uprising of the N. Y., author of Manual of Music Theory, Boxer Rebellion Harmony, etc. Bowman, SIR WILLIAM, an English Chinese that grew out of the bitter antianatomist and surgeon foreign sentiment aroused by the unseemly (1816-92), born at Nantwich. He was scramble of some of the European powers especially distinguished as an ophthalmic for the occupation of large areas of Chinsurgeon. Author of Lectures on the Eye, ese territory, euphemistically called The Anatomy and Physiology of Man, etc. spheres of influence,' which followed the Bowne (boun), BORDEN PARKER, an war between China and Japan in 1894American philosopher (1847- 95. Russia had seized Port Arthur and 1910), born at Leonardsville, New Jersey, the harbor of Taheneran; Germany had graduated at New York University in 'leased' Kiaochau and acquired vast con1871, professor of philosophy at Boston cessions in Shang Tung province; France University from 1876. Author of Princi- desired certain privileges in Chinese terriples of Ethics, The Immanence of God, tory adjacent to her possessions of TonThe Essence of Religion, etc. guin; and Great Britain had secured a Bowring (bo'ring), SIR JOHN, an lease of Wei-Hai-Wei, on the south shore English statesman and lin- of Pechili, commanding the entrance to guist (1792-1872), born at Exeter. He the gulf and the waterway to Peking. had an extraordinary linguistic faculty Through the close interest of the United and published translations of many poems States in the affairs of the Far East, owand songs from the Polish, Russian, Ser- ing to the possession of the Philippine vian, Magyar, Swedish, Frisian, Esthonian, Islands, Secretary Hay procured in 1899, Spanish and other languages. He was a an agreement by the European powers supporter of Jeremy Bentham, and edited concerned, guaranteeing equal rights of the Westminster Review, 1825-30. He trade (the open door) in China to all held various government appointments, powers, which moderated the active steps and was governor of Hong Kong. for the partition' of China, but the seeds of disorder had been sown and in Bowsprit (bo'sprit), the large boom 1900 the harvest was reaped in the outor spar which projects over break directed first against the Christian the stem of a vessel, having the foremast missionaries and eventually against all and foretopmast stays and staysails at Europeans, and the lives of the foreign tached to it, while extending beyond it ministers in Peking were imperilled. is the jib-boom. Prince Tuan was the leader of the opBowstring-hemp, leaves of an East lete and had many followers of athletic the fiber of the position to foreigners. He was an athIndian plant, or the plant itself, young Chinamen whose ability in sports Sanseviera zeylanica, order Liliaceæ, so led to their being known as Boxers. This named from being made by the natives name was adopted by Tuan's recruits. He into bowstrings. The fiber is fine and proclaimed his nine-year-old son heirsilky, but very strong. presumptive to the throne. The emperor Bow-window, a window constructed was but a puppet directed by the Dowager so as to project from Empress and was not popular. The latter a wall, properly one that forms a segment had not opposed the foreign encroachof a circle. See Bay-window. ments. Finally the Boxers revolted. ReBowyer (boʻyer), WILLIAM, an Eng- ports of outrages and massacres and iglish printer and classical norance as to the fate of the legations scholar, born 1699, a native of London, decided the United States, British, where his father, also a printer, carried French, German, Italian and Japanese on business. In 1729 he became printer governments to take concerted action and of the votes of the House of Commons, warships were hurried to China. The and subsequently printer to the Society of landing of marines at Tokio was stubAntiquarians and to the Royal Society. bornly resisted and the vessels of the In 1767 he was nominated printer of the allied powers, except the United States, journals of the House of Lords and the shelled the forts, and after a sanguinary rolls of the House of Commons. He died encounter captured them on June 17th. n 1777, Box. See Boatree. United States troops were sent from Manila. On June 20th, the German Minister, Baron von Ketteler, was set upon and slaughtered by Chinese soldiers while the ash-leaved maple (Ne- on his way to the Tsung-li-Yamen, in gundo aceroides), a small Peking. Vice-admiral Seymour on the but beautiful tree of the United States, same day, was turned back while marchfrom which sugar is made. The wood is ing on Peking to relieve the British legalight and soft. tion officials and suffered casualties of Box-elder, |