Bear Bearing to Syria, where the Atlas Mountain bear, Bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva ursi). its smallest variety, is found. A variety an evergreen shrub of the of the species, also a very large bear, is heath family growing on the barren the cinnamon bear of the northern United moors of Scotland, Northern Europe, SiStates and Canada. The grizzly bear beria, and N. America. The leaves, un(Ursus horribilis) is a distinctly North der the name of uva ursi, are used in American species, being a denizen chiefly medicine as an astringent and tonic. of the mountainous region of the western Beard (berd), the hair round the chin, on the cheeks, and the upper lip which is a distinction of the male sex and of manhood. It differs from the hair on the head by its greater hardness and its form. Some nations have hardly any, others a great profusion. The latter generally consider it as a great ornament; the former pluck it out; as, for instance, the American Indians. The beard has often been considered as a mark of the sage and the priest. Moses forbade the Jews to shave their beards. With the ancient Germans the cutting off of another's beard was a high offense. Even now the beard is regarded as a mark of great dignity among many nations in the East, as the Turks. Alexander the Great ordering his soldiers to wear no beards; introduced shaving among the Greeks, by The well-known American black bear (Ursus Americanus) is distributed over among the Romans it was introduced in nearly all the wooded region of the Con- B.C. 296. The custom of shaving is said tinent. In the St. Elias Alps of Alaska to have come into use in modern times a small and rare gray-coated species exists, during the reigns of Louis XIII and called the glacier bear (Ursus midden. XIV of France, both of whom ascended dorffi). South America has a single the throne without a beard. Till then species, the small, spectacled bear, inhab- fashion had given divers forms of musiting the higher Andes; by some natural- taches and beards. It was only in comists classed as a distinct genus, Tremaro paratively recent times that beards and tos ornatus. The Asian black bears (Ur mustaches again became common. This sus tibetanus) are found in the Himal- name is also given to the awns or aristæ ayan region, northern China and Japan. of certain cereals, such as wheat, rye, They resemble the American black bear, etc., bristle-like projections from the but have a crescent-shaped white or yel- bract in the inflorescence, produced by a lowish mark on the breast. Another little prolongation of the midrib. Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus). United States and portions of Canada. known parti-colored species (Ursus pru- Beard-grass, a name given to two inosus) inhabits Tibet. In the Malay well-known British archipelago is found the little sun bear. grasses of the genus Polypogon from the The distinct sloth or honey bear (Melur- bearded appearance of the panicles. sus labiatus) is a native of India, living Beard-moss lichen of gray color, (Usnea barbāta), a mostly in the jungle and subsisting chiefly on insects. All of the northern bears forming a shaggy coat on many forest hibernate during the winter. It is at this trees. time that the cubs, usually two, are born. Beardstown, 1, 112 miles N. of Bear, GREAT and LITTLE, the popular a city of Cass Co., Illi name of two constellations in the St. Louis. It is on Illinois River and northern hemisphere. The Great Bear has large fishing and ice-packing in(Ursa Major) is situated near the pole. dustries; also various manufactures. It is remarkable for its well-known seven Pop. (1920) 7111. ers, the pole-star is always readily found. stars, by two of which, called the Point- Bearing (baring), the direction or point of the compass in These seven stars are popularly called the which an object is seen, or the situation Wagon, Charles's Wain, or the Plow. of one object in regard to another, with The Little Bear (Ursa Minor) is the reference to the points of the compass. constellation which contains the pole-star. Thus, if from a certain situation an obThis constellation has seven stars placed ject is seen in the direction of northeast, together in a manner resembling those the bearing of the object is said to be n the Great Bear. N. E. from the situation.-To take bear Bear Lake ings, to ascertain on what point of the Bear Lake, GREAT, an extensive into which France was formerly divided, now chiefly included in the department of Lower Pyrenees. Pau is the chief town. There is a peculiar and well-marked spoken in this district, which has much more affinity with the Spanish than with the French. Beattie the future saint are exposed to the ven- or perambulation by which the boundaries Beaton (be'ton), DAVID, Archbishop of St. Andrews, and cardinal; born 1494. Pope Paul III raised him to the rank of cardinal in December, 1538. On the death of his uncle, Archbishop dialect-the Béarnese James Beaton, he succeeded him in the see of St. Andrews in 1539. After the accession of Mary he became Chancellor of Scotland, and distinguished himself by his zeal in persecuting members of the Reformed party, among the rest the famous Protestant preacher George Wishart, whose sufferings at the stake he viewed from his window with apparent a river of the United exultation. At length a conspiracy was Bear-pit, a deep, open pit with perpendicular walls, built in a zoological garden for keeping bears, and having in the center a pole in which they may exercise their climbing powers. Bear River, States, 400 miles long; formed against him, and he was assassin rises in the north of Utah, and flows northward into Idaho; turns abruptly southward, re-enters Utah, and empties into Great Salt Lake. Bear's Grease, the fat of bears, es ated at his own castle of St. Andrews, on the 29th May, 1546. His private character was fiercely attacked by his enemies. Beatrice (be'a-tres), a city of Gage county, Nebraska, 43 miles teemed as of great south of Lincoln. It is a railroad center, efficacy in nourishing and promoting the and has important brick, flour, iron and growth of hair. The unguents sold under other works. Pop. (1920) 9664. this name, however, are in a great meas- Beatrice Portinari (ba-a-trē'chã por-té-nä're), ure made of hog's lard or veal fat, or a mixture of both, scented and slightly the poetical idol of Dante; born about colored. 1266; died in 1290; the daughter of a Beas (be'as), a river of India. See wealthy citizen of Florence, and wife of Bias. Simone de' Bardi. She was but eight Beat (bet), in music, the beating or years of age, and Dante nine, when he pulsation resulting from the met her first at the house of her father. joint vibrations of two sounds of the same He altogether saw her only once or twice, strength, and all but in unison. Also a and she probably knew little of him. short shake or transient grace-note struck The story of his love is recounted in the immediately before the note it is intended Vita Nuova, which was mostly written to ornament. after her death. poet and miscellaneous writer; Beatification (bē-at-i-fi-kā'shun). in Beattie (bē'ti), JAMES, a Scottish the Roman Catholic born at Laurencekirk, Kincardineshire, Church, an act by which the pope declares 1735; died, 1803. In 1760 he published a a person beatified or blessed after his volume of poems, which he subsequently death. It is the usual preliminary to endeavored to buy up, considering them canonization, that is, the raising one to unworthy of him. In 1765 he published a the honor and dignity of a saint. Canon- poem, the Judgment of Paris, and in 177% ization, however, does not necessarily fol- his celebrated Essay on Truth, for which low. All certificates or attestations of the University of Oxford conferred on him virtues and miracles, the necessary quali- the degree of LL.D.; and George III honfications for saintship, are examined by ored him, when on a visit to London, with the Congregation of Rites. This examina- a private conference and a pension. He tion often continues for several years; next published in 1771 the first book of after which his holiness degrees the his poem the Minstrel, and in 1774 the beatification, and the image and relics of second: this is the only work by which Beatty Beaumarchais he is now remembered. In 1776 he pub- ret, on the Loire, of some historical inlished Dissertations on Poetry and Music, terest. Laughter and Ludicrous Composition, here by the Grand-duke of Mecklenburg, General Chanzy was defeated etc.; in 1783 Dissertations, Moral and 7th-8th December, 1870. Pop. 2993. Critical; in 1786 Evidences of the Chris- Beauharnais (bō-ar-nā), tian Religion. ALEXANBeatty (bē'ti), SIR DAVID, a British born in 1760 in Martinique. He married DRE, VISCOUNT, was admiral, son of Captain D. L. Joséphine Tascher de la Pagerie, who Beatty, of Borodale, Wexford, Ireland, was afterwards the wife of Napoleon. born in 1871. He commanded the First At the breaking out of the French revolu Battle Squadron in the European war, tion he was chosen a member of the Naand for his valiant service in the Jutland tional Assembly, of which he was for battle (q. v.) was made a Knight Com- some time president. In 1792 he was mander of the Royal Victorian Order; general of the army of the Rhine. G.C.B. in 1916; G.C.V.O. in 1917. He was commander of the Grand Fleet from the surrender of Mainz, and was was falsely accused of having promoted 1916. He entered the navy in 1884; tenced to the guillotine, July 23, 1794. Commander in 1898; Rear-Admiral, 1910; Vice-Admiral, 1915. Beauharnais, EUGENE DE, Duke of Leuchtenberg, Prince He sen Beatty, Bucks County, Pa., Dec. 19, died at Munich in 1824. He was the son of Eichstädt, and Viceroy of Italy, during JOHN, physician; born in the reign of Napoleon, was born in 1781; 1749; was graduated at Princeton in of Alexandre Beauharnais and Joséphine, 1769; studied medicine; became a colonel afterwards wife of Napoleon and Emin the Pennsylvania line; and in 1778-80 press of France. After his father's death he was commissary-general of prisoners. he joined Hoche in La Vendée and subHe was a delegate in the Congress of the sequently studied for a time in Paris. Confederation, 1783-85, and of the na- He accompanied Napoleon to Egypt in tional Congress, 1793-95. He was Secre- 1798; rose rapidly in the army; was ap tary of State for New Jersey for ten pointed viceroy of Italy in 1805; and years-1795-1805. He died at Trenton, married N. J., April 30, 1826. a daughter of the King of Beaucaire (bō-kar), a small, well- government of Italy with great prudence Bavaria in 1806. He administered the built, commercial city of and moderation, and was much beloved by southern France, dep. Gard, Rhone opposite Tarascon, with which it he commanded the third corps d'armée, on the his subjects. In the Russian campaign communicates by a fine suspension-bridge. and greatly distinguished himself. It is chiefly famous for its great fair him and to Ney France was mainly in(founded in 1217), held yearly during the debted for the preservation of the remains middle of July. Pop. 7284. of her army during the retreat from MosAfter the battle of Lützen of May COW. To Beauchamp (bo-shän), ALPHONSE DE, 2, 1813, where, by surrounding the right a French historian and wing of the enemy, he decided the fate publicist, born at Monaco in 1767; died of the day, he went to Italy, which he at Paris in 1832. Under the Directory he defended against the Austrians until the had the surveillance of the press, a posi- deposition of Napoleon. After the fall of tion which supplied him with materials Napoleon he concluded an armistice, by for his History of La Vendée. He con- which he delivered Lombardy and all tributed to the Moniteur and the Gazette Upper Italy to the Austrians. He then de France. Among his chief works are went immediately to Paris, and thence to the History of the Conquest of Peru, the his father-in-law at Munich, where he History of Brazil, and the Life of Louis afterwards resided.-His XVIII. The Mémoires of Fouché is also TENSE EUGENIE, Queen of Holland, was with good reason ascribed to him. sister HORBeaufort (bo'fort), HENRY, cardinal, Queen of Holland by marrying Louis born in 1783, died in 1837. She became natural son Gaunt and half-brother of Henry IV, of the throne she lived apart from him. of John of Bonaparte, and after Louis's abdication king of England, born 1377, died 1447; She wrote several excellent songs, and was made Bishop of Lincoln, whence he composed some deservedly popular airs, was transferred to Winchester. peatedly filled the office of lord-chancellor, pour la Syrie. Napoleon III was her He re- among others the well-known Partant and took part in all the most important third and youngest son. political movements of his times. Beaugency (bō-zhȧņ-sē), an ancient Beaumarchais (bō-mär-sha), PIERRE town, France, dep. Loi- DE, a French wit and dramatist, was born AUGUSTIN CABON Beaumaris Beaumont at Paris in 1732; died in 1799. He was Woman Hater, produced in 1606-7, is the the son of a watchmaker named Caron, earliest work known to exist in which he whose trade he practised for a time. He had a hand. It does not appear that he He died in London arly gave striking proofs of his mechan- was ever married. ical and also of his musical talents; at- of the plague, August, 1625, and was tained proficiency as a player on the buried at St. Saviour's, Southwark. The guitar and harp, and was appointed harp- friendship of Beaumont and Fletcher, like master to the sisters of Louis XV. By their literary partnership, was singularly a rich marriage (after which he added close; they lived in the same house, and 'de Beaumarchais to his name) he laid are said to have even had their clothes the foundation of the immense wealth in common. The works that pass under which he afterwards accumulated by his their names consist of over fifty plays, a speculations, and which was also in- masque, and some minor poems. It is creased by a second marriage. In the believed that all the minor poems except After meantime he occupied himself with litera- one were written by Beaumont. ture, and published two dramas-Eu- the death of Beaumont, Fletcher congénie in 1767 and Les Deux Amis in tinued to write plays alone or with other 1770. He first really distinguished him- dramatists. It is now difficult, if not inself by his Mémoires (Paris, 1774), or deed impossible, to determine with cer statements in connection with a lawsuit, tainty the respective shares of the two which by their wit, satire, and liveliness poets in the plays passing under their entertained all France. The Barber of names. According to the testimony of Seville (1775) and the Marriage of Fi- some of their contemporaries Beaumont garo (1784) have given him a permanent possessed the deeper and more thoughtful reputation. His last work was Mes Six genius, Fletcher the gayer and Epoques, in which he relates the dangers idyllic. Among their dramas are The to which he was exposed in the revolu- Maid's Tragedy, Philaster, Cupid's Retion. At the opening of the American venge, etc. The Masque of the Inner Revolution he made, as the secret agent Temple was written by Beaumont alone. of the French government, a contract to The Faithful Shepherdess and others by supply the colonies with arms and am- Fletcher alone. munition. He lost about a million livres by his edition of the works of Voltaire (1785), and still more at the end of 1792 by his attempt to provide the French army with 60,000 muskets. He was a singular instance of versatility of talent, being at once an artist, politician, financier, and dramatist. a Beaumaris (bo-ma'ris), seaport more a city, capital of Jeffer Beaumont, & Co., Texas, 84 miles E. by N. of Houston; has shingle, saw, and rice mills, oil refineries and iron and steel plants, etc. The lumber industry is important, and there are large oil wells and iron ore in the vicinity. The govern ment provision of a 26-foot ship channel makes the city an important inland port. town, North Wales, Isle Pop. (1910) 20.640; (1920) 40,422. of Anglesey, on the Menai Strait. It is a Beaumont, SIR GEORGE, born of an ancient family in Leifavorite watering-place, and contains the remains of a castle built by Edward I cestershire in 1753, died in 1827. He was about 1295. Pop. 2233. a landscape-painter, but was noted more Beaumont (bo'mont), FRANCIS, and as a patron of the arts interested in the establishment of the National Gallery. FLETCHER, JOHN, two minent English dramatic writers, con- Beaumont, Sied in 1628; brother of SIR JOHN, born in 1582; temporaries of Shakespere, and the most famous of literary partners. The former, Francis Beaumont the dramatist; pub son of a common pleas judge, was born lished Bosworth Field, an historical at Grace-Dieu, in Leicestershire, in 1584; poem. He also wrote a poem in eight died in 1616, and was buried in West- books, never printed, called The Crown minster Abbey. At the age of sixteen he of Thorns. published a translation, in verse, of Ovid's fable of Salmacis and Hermaphroditus, Beaumont (bo-moņ'), JEAN BAPTISTE ELIE DE (1798 and before nineteen became the friend of 1875), French geologist; taught geology Ben Jonson. With Fletcher also he was in the Ecole des Mines and Collège de early on terms of friendship. He married France, was elected to the Academy in Ursula, daughter of Henry Isley of Sun- 1835, and became in 1856 its perpetual dridge, in Kent, by whom he left two secretary. With Dufrénoy he prepared daughters.-JOHN FLETCHER was born a great geological map of France (1840; at Rye, Sussex, in 1579. His father was 2d Ed. 1855). successively dean of Peterborough, bishop Beaumont, WILLIAM, an American of Bristol, Worcester, and London. The surgeon, bon in 1785; Beaune Beaver died in 1853. His experiments on diges- ing a standard on the wall, seized it and tion with the Canadian St. Martin, who hurled him to the ground. The banner is lived for years after receiving a gunshot said to be preserved, and an annual prowound in the stomach which left an cession of young girls commemorates the aperture of about two inches in diam- deed. Manufactures: tapestry and careter, were of great importance to physio- pets, trimmings, woolen cloth, cottons, etc. logical science. Pop. 17,045. Beaune (bon), a town, France, dep. Beaux (bo), CECILIA, an American Côte d'Or, 23 miles s. s. w. of painter (1863- ), born at Dijon, well built, with handsome medi- Philadelphia. She was awarded the Mary eval church, a large library, museum, etc., Smith prize, given by the Pa. Academy of and a trade in the fine Burgundy and Fine Arts, four times. She won the other wines of the district. Pop. 11.668. Dodge prize of the National Academy of Beaune (bon), FLORIMOND, a distin- Design and many other honors. guished mathematician and Beaver (be'ver), a rodent quadruped, friend of Descartes, born at Blois in about 2 feet in length exclu1601; died at the same place in 1652. sive of the tail, genus Castor (C. fiber), He may be regarded as the founder of at one time common in northern Europe the integral calculus. Beauregard (bo-ré-gård), PIERRE GUS TAVE TOUTANT, a general of the Confederate troops in the American Civil war, born in 1818 near New Orleans. He studied at the military academy, West Point, and left it as artillery lieutenant in 1838. He served in the Mexican war, and on the outbreak of the Civil war joined the Confederates. He commanded at the bombardment of Fort Sumter, gained the battle of Bull Run, lost that of Shiloh, assisted in the defense of Charleston, and surrendered with Johnston's forces in April, 1865. He died Feb. 20, 1893. Beausobre (bo-so-br), ISAAC, born in 1659 at Niort, in France; Beaver (Castor Canadensis) died at Berlin in 1738. In 1683 he be- and Asia. An allied species (O. Canacame Protestant minister of Chatillon-sur- densis) is found in considerable numbers Indre, but was compelled by persecution only in North America, living in colonies; to go into exile in 1685. In 1694 he be- C. fiber, occurring solitary in Central came minister to French Protestants at Europe and Asia. It has short ears, a Berlin. He enjoyed much of the favor blunt nose, small forefeet, large webbed both of Frederick William I and of the hind feet, with a flat ovate tail covered with crown prince, afterwards Frederick the scales on its upper surface. It is valued Great. His most important work is the for its fur, which used to be largely emHistoire Critique de Manichée et du Man- ployed in the manufacture of hats, but for ichéisme (1734). Beauty, THE BEAUTIFUL. THETICS. Beauvais (bo-vā; See Es ancient Bellovacum), a town of France, capital of the department of Oise, at the confluence of the Avelon with the Thérain, 43 miles north of Paris, poorly built, but with some fine edifices, the choir of the uncompleted cathedral being one of the finest specimens of Gothic architecture in France. Beauvais is a very old town, dating back to the Roman period. In 1472 it resisted a large army of Burgundians under Charles the Bold. On this occasion the which silk is now for the most part subwomen particularly distinguished them- stituted, and for an odoriferous secretion selves, and one of them, Jeanne Lainé, named castor, at one time in high repute, called La Hachette, seeing a soldier plant- and still largely used in some parts of the Types of Beaver |