Borromeo

Boscobel

ace, with gardens laid out upon terraces Borsippa Cir Babylonia, the site

(bor-sip'a), a very ancient rising above each other. Borromeo (bor-o-ma'o), CARLO, of which is marked by the ruins known COUNT, a celebrated

as Birs Nimrud.

Roman Catholic saint and cardinal, born Bory de Saint Vincent (bo-re de

in 1538, at Arona, on Lago Maggiore,

san van

died at Milan in 1584. In 1560 he was sån), JEAN BAPTISTE GEORGE MARIE, successively appointed by his uncle Pius a French naturalist, born in 1780; died IV apostolical prothonotary, cardinal, in 1846. About 1800-2 he visited the and later Archbishop of Milan. The Canaries, Mauritius, and other African reopening and the results of the Council islands. He afterwards served for a time of Trent, so advantageous to the papal in the army, and conducted scientific authority, were chiefly effected by the expeditions to Greece and to Algiers. great influence of Borromeo, which was Chief works, Annales des Sciences felt during the whole sitting of the Physiques (8 vols.). Voyage dans les council. He improved the discipline of Quatre Principales les des Mers d'A the clergy, founded schools, libraries, frique; Expedition Scientifique de Morée; hospitals, and was indefatigable in doing L'Homme, Essai Zoologique sur le Genre good. Immediately after his death mir- Humain. acles were said to be wrought at his tomb, and his canonization took place in 1610. His nephew, COUNT FEDERIGO kerite and petroleum are here obtained. BORROMEO, also cardinal and Archbishop Pop. 10,671. of Milan, equally distinguished for the

Boryslaw (bor'i-slav),

a town of Austria, in Galicia. Ozo

the

ancient name of the

sanctity of his life and the benevolence Borysthenes (bo-ris'the-nez), of his character, was born at Milan in Dnieper River in Europe. 1564; and died in 1631. He is celebrated Bosa (bo'za), a seaport, west coast of as the founder of the Ambrosian Library Sardinia, in an unhealthy district, (which see). with a cathedral and a theological Borrow (boro), GEORGE, an English seminary. Pop. 6846. writer, born 1803; died 1881. Boscan-Almogaver (bos-kanal-mo He had a passion for foreign tongues, ga-var'), stirring scenes, and feats of bodily JUAN, a Spanish poet, born towards the prowess. He associated much with the close of the 15th century; died about gypsies, and acquired an exact knowl- 1540. He was the creator of the Spanedge of their language, manners, and customs. As agent of the British and Foreign Bible Society he traveled in France, Germany, Russia, and the East; spent five years in Spain, and published The Gypsies in Spain (1841), and The Bible in Spain (1842), the best known of his works. Other works are Lavengro, largely autobiographical (1850), The Romany Rye (1857), Wild Wales (1862), and Dictionary of the Gypsy Language (1874). Borrowdale (bor'o-dal), a beautiful valley in the lake district of England, in Cumberland, at the head of the Derwent.

Borrowstounness (bor'o-stoun-nes';

ish sonnet, and, in general, distinguished
himself by introducing Italian forms into
Spanish poetry.
Boscawen (bos'ka-wen), EDWARD, a
British admiral, son of the
first Viscount Falmouth, was born in
1711; died in 1761. He distinguished
himself at Porto Bello and Cartagena,
and in 1747 took part, under Anson, in
the battle of Cape Finisterre. His chief
exploit was a great victory in 1759 over
the Toulon fleet, near the entrance of the
Straits of Gibraltar.

Boschbok (bosh'bok), the bushbuck,
a name given to several
African species of antelope. See Bush-
buck.

popularly Bo Boschvark (bosh'värk), the bushness'), a town in Linlithgowshire, Scothog or bush pig of land, with good docks, and a large trade Africa (Potamochoerus Africanus), one in coal, iron, timber, etc. The wall of of the swine family, about 5 feet long, Antoninus ran through the parish of and with very large and strong tusks. Borrowstounness, and traces of it, called The Kaffirs esteem its flesh as a luxury, Graham's Dyke, are still visible. Pop. and its tusks, arranged on a piece of 9100. string and tied round the neck, are con sidered great ornaments.

a

town of India, Bombay

Bor'sad, Presidency, about midway be- Boscobel (bos'ko-bel), a locality in

tween Baroda and Amedabad, and distant from each about 40 miles. Pop. 12,228.

historically

Shropshire, remarkable as the hiding place of Charles II for some days after the

Boscovich

Bossuet

Tillage is carried on in the valleys and low grounds; maize, wheat, barley, rye, buckwheat, hemp, tobacco, etc., being grown. Fruits are produced in abundance. Sheep, goats, and swine are numerous. The minerals include coal, which is worked in several places, manganese, antimony, iron, etc. Among the manufactures are iron goods, arms, leather, linens and woolens. Bosnia had been subject to Turkey from the beginning of the 15th century till 1875, when an insurrection of the inhabitants led to the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-78. It was annexed, with Herzegovina, by AustriaHungary, Oct. 6, 1908. Following the European war (q. v.), 1914-18, it became part of Jugo-Slavia.

battle of Worcester, Sept. 3, 1651. At one time he was compelled to conceal himself among the branches of an oak in Boscobel Wood, where it is related that he could actually see the men who were in pursuit of him and hear their voices. The royal oak,' which now stands at Boscobel, is said to have grown from an acorn of this very tree. Boscovich (bos'ko-vich), ROGER JoSEPH, an astronomer and geometrician, born at Ragusa in 1711; died at Milan in 1787. He was educated among the Jesuits, and entered into their order. He was employed by Pope Benedict XIV in various undertakings, and in 1750-53 measured a degree of the meridian in the Ecclesiastical States. He afterwards became mathematical profesBosporus (bos'po-rus), or BOSPHOsor in the University of Pavia, whence, RUS, the strait, 19 miles in 1770, he removed to Milan, and there long, joining the Black Sea with the erected the celebrated observatory at the Sea of Marmora, called also the Strait College of Brera. of Constantinople. Once defended by Bosio (bo'se-o), FRANÇOIS JOSEPH, strong forts, these were ordered deBARON, sculptor, born at Mon- molished by the treaty of peace with aco in 1769; died at Paris in 1845. He Turkey, 1920. The coastal area is under was much employed by Napoleon and by control of the League of Nations. The the successive Bourbon and Orleans dy- Golden Horn (q. v.) is at the northern nasties. His works are well known in end. Darius, on his Scythian expediFrance and Italy. tion, built a bridge of boats here. (See Bosna-Serai, or SERAJEVO (boz'na-se Constantinople.) The Cimmerian Bosri, se-rä-ya'vo), the cap- porus was the name given by the ancients ital of Bosnia, situated on the Miljacka, to the strait that leads from the Black 570 miles W. N. w. of Constantinople. It Sea into the Sea of Azov. There was contains a serai or palace, built by Mo- also anciently a kingdom of the name hammed II, to which the city owes its of Bosporus, so called from this strait, name. It was formerly surrounded with on both sides of which it was situated. walls, but its only defense now is a

citadel, built on a rocky height at a short Boss, in architecture, an ornament placed at the intersection of the distance east from the town. Bosna- ribs or groins in Serai is the chief mart in the province, vaulted or flat the center of the commercial relations roofs; it is frebetween Turkey, Dalmatia, Croatia, and quently richly South Germany, and has, in consequence, sculptured with a considerable trade, with various manuarmorial bearings factures. Pop. (1910) 51,949. or other devices.

Bosnia (boz'ni-a), a former Turkish Boss Rule,

province in the northwest of the

Balkan peninsula, subsequently annexed a political term

by Austria-Hungary, 1908, and made a used to signify Boss-Wells Cathedral. province of the Serb-Croat-Slovene state the management

in 1918; area (including Herzegovina of federal or local government affairs for and Novi-bazar), 19,700 square miles personal ends.

(of which Bosnia proper occupies Bossuet (bos-ü-a), JACQUES BENIGNE, 16,000), with (1919) 1,898,044 inhabian illustrious French preachtants, mostly of Slavonian origin and er and theologian, was born in 1627; speaking the Serbian language. Of these, died in 1704. In 1652 he was ordained all but about one-seventh belonged to priest, and made a canon of Metz, where Bosnia. They are partly Mohammedans, his piety, acquirements, and eloquence partly Roman and Greek Catholics. gained him a great reputation. In 1670 The country is level towards the north, he was appointed preceptor to the in the south mountainous. Its chief Dauphin, and in 1681 he was raised rivers are the Save, the Vrbas, the to the see of Meaux. He drew up the Bosnia, Unac, and Drina. About half famous propositions adopted by the a the area is covered with forests. sembly of French clergy, which securea

Bostanji

Boston

the freedom of the Gallican church is 234 miles N. E. of New York. It has against the aggressions of the pope. In a capacious harbor, covering 75 sq. miles, his latter years he opposed quietism, and protected from storms by a great number prosecuted Madame Guyon; and when of islands, on several of which are fortihis old friend Fénelon defended her he fications. The scenery is varied and caused him to be exiled. He was un- picturesque, the site partly consisting of rivaled as a pulpit orator, and greatly peninsulas and East Boston being on an distinguished for his strength and acu- island. The streets are mostly narrow men as a controversialist. The great and irregular in the older parts of the occupation of his life was controversy town, but in the newer parts there are with the Protestants. many fine, spacious streets. There has

Bostan'ji (Turk., from

from bostan, a been developed a splendid system of parks garden), a class of men in and connecting boulevards, containing Turkey, originally the sultan's gardeners, 2700 acres of picturesque territory, with but now also employed in several ways ponds, streams, drives and walks, the about his person, as mounting guard at whole costing over $22,500,000. Among the seraglio, rowing his barge, etc., and the principal buildings are the statelikewise in attending the officers of the house; the county courthouse; the postroyal household. office; Faneuil Hall (from Peter Faneuil Boston (bos'tun), a borough and sea- who presented it to the city in 1742). port of England, in Lincoln- famous historically as the meeting place shire, on the Witham, about 5 miles of the revolutionary patriots; the splendid from the sea. The name stands for granite custom house, of Grecian archiBotolph's town, St. Botolph having tecture, the tallest U. S. building in the founded a monastery here about the year country; the old state-house; city, 650. The trade is increasing through hall, etc. Harvard University, situsted the improvement of the accommodation at Cambridge, which may be regarded as for shipping. The town contains some a Boston suburb. was founded in 1638. fine buildings, the parish church being a very large and handsome Gothic structure, with a tower nearly 300 feet high. Ropes, sails, agricultural implements, etc., are made. Pop. (1911) 16,679.

Boston, the capital of Massachusetts and the largest city in New England, lies on Massachusetts Bay, at the mouth of Charles River. By rail it

It has a large and very valuable library. The medical branch of this institution is in Boston. The Boston Athenæum has two large buildings-one containing a library, and the other a picture gallery, a hall for public lectures, and other rooms for scientific purposes. Boston University, founded principally by Isaac Rich, and incorporated in 1869, consists of the