able as antiseptics. 523. What is the composition of the fats and oils? For what is glycerine used? 524. How is nitro-glycerine exploded? 525. Mention some of the carbo-hydrates. What are the glucoses? 526. Give formula and properties of cane-sugar. 528. What is lactose used for? 529. Mention some substances having the composition C12H22 011. What is varnish? 530. How does starch differ from sugar in its composition? 531. What are the properties and uses of starch? 532. How may commercial starch be converted into dextrine? Mention substances isomeric with starch. 533. From what may cellulose be obtained? 534. Give the uses of cellulose. 535. How may cellulose be converted into pyroxylene? How does the explosive force of pyroxylene compare with that of gunpowder? What is collodion? 536. What distinction is made between the terms fermentation and putrefaction? What is the exciting cause of fermentation? 537. Give examples of ferments and fermentable bodies. What is said of yeast? Mention different modes of fermentation. 538. What are the products of vinous fermentation? 539. How is diastase formed? 540. To what does vinous

fermentation, if not checked, pass? What other name has vinegar? 541. How are ethers regarded by the chemist? Describe sulphuric ether. 542. How are aldehydes related to acids and alcohols? What are the properties of acetic aldehyde? 543. From what is camphor obtained? 544. Give composition and properties of chloral. 545. What are anæsthetics? What important representative of this class have we?

CHAPTER XXVI.-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. (Continued.)

546. FROM what is formic acid obtained? 547. What is the composition of acetic acid? 548. Give method of preparing butyric acid, and its properties. Where is glycocholic acid found ? 549. What can be said of lactic acid and succinic acid? Where is malic acid found? What are the uses of tartaric acid? 550. Give composition of benzoic acid. 551. Give history of salicylic acid. 552. What is the acid obtained from the fruits of the orange family called? For what purposes is gallic acid used? 553. What is the distinguishing characteristic of tannic acids ? What is the basis of writing-ink? 554. Give the antidote for oxalic acid. Its uses. 555. What can be said of Rochelle salts and cream-of-tartar? 556. Have the organic alkaloids been artificially produced? What substance precipitates the organic bases? 557. Give the name of the alkaloid contained in tobacco. 558. What narcotic is the active principle of opium? 559. From what is strychnine obtained? How does this alkaloid affect the nervous system? 560. What organic bases are obtained from Peruvian bark? 561. To what are the stimulating effects of tea and coffee due? 562. Describe

the albuminoids.

563. Where is albumen found? In what two modifications does it exist? 564. What is said of musculine, fibrine, and gluten? 565. Give the essential constituent of milk. What is said of the constitution of cow's milk? 566. What use is made of gelatine? From what is chitine obtained? 567. What was the first organic compound artificially produced? 568. Give the name of the compound occurring in the juice of flesh. 569. Has pepsine ever been perfectly isolated? 570. What constitutes the chief part of the red globules of the blood? 571. What are some of the products of putrefactive changes? How may putrefaction be prevented? 572. What is said of ferment diseases?

PRONUNCIATION OF SOME TECHNICAL WORDS AND PROPER NAMES USED IN THIS WORK.

TECHNICAL WORDS.

Chitine (ki'-teen).

Chlorine (Klo-rin).
Co'-balt.

Col-li-ma'-tor.
Col-loid'.
Cry-oph'-o-rus.
Di-al'-y-sis.
Di'-as-tase.
Di-a-ther'-man-cy.

Dif-fu'-sate.

Dy-ad'-ic.

E-lec-trol'-y-sis.
Er-e-ma-cau-sis.
Eth'-yl.
Eth'-yl-ene.
Flu'-o-rine.
Glyç'-e-rine.

Gly-co-chol'-ic (koi).

Gly'-co-gen.

Go-ni-om'-e-ter.

Hæ-mo-glo'-bine.

Hep'-tad.

Hip-pu'-ric.

Ho-moe-o-mor'-phous.

Hy-draç'-id.
Hy-drox'-yl.
I'-o-dine.
I-som'-er-ides.

I-som'-er-ism.

I-so-mor'-phism.

Læv'-u-lose.

Lith'-arge.

Lith'-i-um.

Mer-cu'-ric

Mer'-cu-rous.

Met-ath'-e-sis.

Meth'-yl.

Al-deb'-a-ran.

Ampère (Ang-pare').
A-vo-gad-ro.
Berthelot (Ber'-tel-o).
Bes'-sem-er

Bournon (Boor'-nong).
Bunsen (Boon'-sen).
Chaptal (Shap'-tal).
Clausius (Clow-si-us).
Daguerre (Dag-yair').
De la Rive (Reeve).
Descartes (Day-cart').

PROPER NAMES.

Du Bois-Reymond (Du-bwâ-Ray'

mong).

Dumas (Du-mah').
Durkheim (Door'-kime).
Dutrochet (Du-tro'-shay).
Ehrenberg (A'-ren-berg).
Fraunhofer (Frown'-ho-fer).
Galvani (Gal-vah'-nee).
Gay-Lussac (Gah'-ee-lüs'-sac).
Gerhardt (Gair'-hart).

Marignac (Mar-in'-yac).

Matteucci (Mat-tu'-tshee).
Mayer (My'-er).

Montgolfier (Mong-gol'-fee-a).
Oersted (Ur'-sted).
Par-a-cel'-sus.
Réaumur (Ray-o-mür).
Regnault (Rain'-yole).
Ruhmkorff (Room'-korf)
Scheele (Shay'-lay).
Schellen (Shel'-len).
Schönbein (Shane'-bine).

Vogel (Fo'-ghel).

Wöhler (Vail'-er).