CHAPTER XIII.-SODIUM, POTASSIUM, LITHIUM, RUBIDIUM, CESIUM.

317. WHAT was the first method of obtaining metallic sodium? 318. What is the chemical name of common salt? From what source is salt chiefly obtained? 320. Give uses of common salt. 321. How are sodic compounds distinguished from potassic compounds? What is the composition of sodic carbonate? 322. Give common name of hydrosodic carbonate. 323. How is caustic soda obtained? 324. What is the chemical name for Glauber's salt? 325. Give symbol of sodic nitrate. 326. How was potassium first obtained? 327. What takes place when potassium is thrown upon water? Why is this metal kept in naphtha? 329. Give the properties of potassic hydrate. 331. Where are the potassic salts found? What use has potassic carbonate? 332. How may hydro-potassic carbonate be formed? 333. Give common name for potassic nitrate. What is it used for? 334. Give composition of gunpowder. 335. What use has potassic chlorate in the laboratory? 336. What is soluble glass? 337. Describe the process of soap-making. Upon what does the consistence of the soap depend? 338. How does soap act in cleansing? 339. What elements are found associated with sodium and potassium? Where is rubidium found? What does the word cæsium mean?

uses.

CHAPTER XIV.-SILVER, GOLD, BORON.

340. WHAT is silver associated with? 341. Give its properties and 342. What is the common name of argentic chloride? 344. Give composition of lunar caustic. How may the stains of indelible ink be removed? 345. What is the method employed to separate gold from its ores? 346. How does gold compare with other metals in malleability and ductility? What is aqua regia? 347. What does one modification of boron resemble? 348. Where is boric acid found? 349. What is borax? What property renders borax a valuable reagent?

CHAPTER XV.-NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, ARSENIC, ANTIMONY, Bismuth.

350. How is nitrogen obtained? 352. For what is nitrogen remarkable? 353. Give the composition and method of obtaining ammonia. 354. Why was it called spirits of hartshorn? 356. Nitrogen combines with oxygen forming what compounds? 357. What is laughing gas? 358. What effect is produced on the nervous system by nitric monoxide ? 359. Give composition of nitric acid. 360. Its properties and uses. 362. When hydric chloride and ammonia are brought together, what substance is formed? Give the equation which expresses the reaction when ammonic chloride is formed. 363. How is ammonic hydrate

formed? Describe Woulfe's bottles. What atomic group resembles potassium? 366. What are the sources of phosphorus in Nature? 367. What is the molecular symbol of ordinary phosphorus? 368. Give the properties of this element. 369. How may red phosphorus be obtained? 370. Name the compounds of phosphorus and hydrogen. What takes place when calcic phosphide is thrown into water? 371. How does phosphoric pentoxide behave when it is brought in contact with water? 372. Describe arsenic. 373. To the formation of what gas is the detection of arsenic, by Marsh's test, due? How may the presence of antimony be distinguished from that of arsenic ? 374. What is the composition of ratsbane? 375, 376. Give the characteristics of antimony and bismuth. What are the uses of bismuth?

CHAPTER XVI.-OXYGEN.

377. GIVE the quantivalence of oxygen. State what you can of the modifications of oxygen. 378. What does the word oxygen mean?

385.

386.

380. To what extent is it distributed in Nature? 381. From what substances can oxygen be obtained? 382. Give properties of oxygen. 383. What effect has oxygen on combustion? 385. Under what conditions may iron wire or a steel spring be made to burn with brilliancy? What is the cause of decay in animal and vegetable substances? How is oxygen related to the vital processes? 387. How is ozone different from oxygen? 389. What can be said of autozone? Give formulas illustrating the three forms of oxygen. 390. What is the common name of hydric oxide? 391. When hydrogen is burned with oxygen, what is the product? 392. In what two ways may the composition of water be demonstrated? 393. Give properties of water. 394. Describe the forms which are the result of freezing water. 395. What is said of the unequal expansion of water? 396. Is there any relation existing between specific heat of water and climate? 397. What can be said of the solvent power of water? 398. How may water be purified? 400. Give the chemical properties of water. 401. State what you can of hydric dioxide. 402. What is known of the composition of the atmosphere? What considerations lead us to the conclusion that the atmosphere is a mixture of gases? 403, 404. Are the watery vapor and carbonic acid present in the atmosphere a constant quantity? 405. What office does oxygen perform in the atmosphere? What nitrogen?

CHAPTER XVII.—SULPHUR, SELENIUM, TELLURIUM,

STATE the quantivalence of sulphur. 407. Describe modifications of sulphur. 408. How is the ordinary form obtained? 410. Under what

conditions will ordinary sulphur pass into the other forms? 411. Of what use is plastic sulphur in the arts? 412. Where is hydric sulphide found? 413. Explain the method of liberating hydric sulphide? 414. Of what use is chloric disulphide in the arts? 415. How may sulphur unite with oxygen? 416. When is sulphurous oxide liberated? 417. For what is SO2 used? 418. How may the sulphites be obtained? 419. Give composition of sulphuric oxide. 420. How early was sulphuric acid known? How is it prepared? 422. What are the properties of this acid? State phenomena which occur when sulphuric acid and water are mixed together. What can you state of disulphuric acid? 424. What do the words selenium and tellurium mean?

CHAPTER XVIII.-COPPER AND MERCURY.

425. FROM what ores is copper obtained? What are the properties of metallic copper? What is verdigris ? What salts should be avoided in the culinary department? 426. Give preparation and uses of cupric oxide. Give common names for cupric sulphate and cupric arsenite. 427. State the properties and uses of mercury. What are amalgams? 428. What use did Priestley and Lavoisier make of mercuric oxide. 429. What is the antidote for mercuric chloride? 430. Give properties of calomel. 431. Under what name is mercuric sulphide sold?

432.

CHAPTER XIX.-CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, Lead.

WHERE is calcium found? 433. How is lime obtained? 434. Describe the process of slacking. What is milk of lime? Give prop

erties of calcic hydrate. To what is the hardening of the mortar supposed to be due? 436. What is bleaching-powder? 437. Give composition of gypsum.

435. Of what is the best mortar made?

Give

its uses. 438. What is the source of calcic carbonate? What is hard water? 439. Through what mutations does calcic phosphate pass? 440. Give properties of strontium and barium. What is the test for sulphuric acid? What are the uses of nitrate of strontium and baric sulphate? 441. What is galena? Give the uses of lead. What danger may arise from the use of lead pipe? The presence of what salts in the water protects the lead against its corroding action? 442. Give composition of plumbic monoxide and tetroxide. 443. How is white lead obtained? 444. Give properties of plumbic acetate.

CHAPTER XX.-MAGNESIUM, ZINC, CADMIUM.

445. WHERE does magnesium occur? Of what use is it in the arts?

446. What are the common names of magnesic oxide and sulphate ? 447. How is zinc obtained? Give properties. 448. State symbols for zincic oxide, chloride, and sulphate. Give common name of zincic sulphate. 449. Describe cadmium.

CHAPTER XXI.—IRON, MANGANESE, NICKEL, AND Cobalt.

450. GIVE history and occurrence of iron. 451. Describe the process of obtaining wrought-iron from cast-iron. 452. Give properties of iron. What is the effect of constant jarring on wrought-iron? 453. What is welding? What quality belongs only to iron, platinum, and sodium? 455. How is cast-iron obtained from the ore? 456. Give the origin of the term pig-iron. 457. Properties of cast-iron. 458. What is steel? How produced? Describe the Bessemer process. 459. What quality renders steel valuable in the arts? 460. State uses of ferrous oxide. 461. Which is the most valuable iron-ore? 462. What is the scientific name of iron pyrites? 463. Give uses and composition of green vitriol. 464. State what you can of manganese. 465. How are nickel and cobalt related?

CHAPTER XXII.-CHROMIUM, ALUMINIUM, AND PLATINUM.

466. FOR what are the compounds of chromium used? 467. Give composition of dichromic trioxide and chromic trioxide. 468. Give history and properties of aluminium. Its uses. 469. What compound gives color to the ruby and sapphire? What are emery and corundum? 470. What constitutes the basis of pottery? 471. How is porcelain made? What gives color to common red pottery-ware? 472. Give properties of alum. What is the difference between alum burnt and unburnt? 473. What are the associates of platinum? What acid acts upon platinum? What power has spongy platinum? Its uses, in the arts. 474. How may platinic tetrachloride be obtained?

CHAPTER XXIII.-TIN, SILICON.

475. WHICH is harder, gold or tin? What is the cause of the peculiar crackling sound given by tin when bent? 476. What is Britannia metal ? What elements are allied to tin? 477. What three different modifications has silicon ? 478. Give composition of silica. It forms the bulk of what minerals? 479. What is the composition of the opal? 480. When hydric fluoride acts upon silica, what gas is produced? 481. What is glass? How colored? 482. State how the different varieties of glass are produced.

CHAPTER XXIV.-CARBON.

Which is the

483. WHAT are the allotropic forms of carbon ? purest form? State what you can of the diamond. 484. Give the prop erties of graphite. 485. How is charcoal obtained? 486. Its uses. Is it an antiseptic? What is lamp-black? 487. How is carbonic monoxide produced? What is the character of its flame? 488. Give composition of carbonic monoxide. 489. How is carbonic acid prepared? 490. How can you prove that CO2 is not a supporter of combustion, and that it is heavier than air? What experiment shows that carbonic dioxide is in the expired breath? 491. What is soda-water? 492. Give properties and uses of carbonic disulphide. 493. What is the symbol of cyanogen? 494. Where is prussic acid found? 495. Describe potassic cyanide. 496. What is the popular meaning of combustion? How does the chemist use the term? 497. State what is said of the gradation of affinities between oxygen and the elements of combustible bodies. 498. Show how explosive combustion takes place. 499. What is eremacausis? 500. What does intensity of heat depend upon? 501. How does chemical action produce heat? 502. What kind of substances produce flame? State the conditions of illumination. 503. Describe the compound blow-pipe. 504. What constitutes the Drummond light? 505. How does the candle burn? 506. Give a statement of the structure of flame. 507. How may the constant presence of free carbon in the flame be proved? 508. Upon what does the amount of light produced depend? 509. What is the principle on which the safety-lamp is constructed?

CHAPTER XXV.-HYDROCARBONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES.

510. GIVE the composition of the hydrocarbons? Describe marshgas? Where is rock-oil found? 511. What is ordinary "kerosene ?" When is it safe to use a paraffin-oil? For what is paraffin used? 512. Describe ethylene. What is illuminating gas? 513. Why is acetylene of special interest? 514. To what series do the terpenes belong? What are the oils of lemon and orange? 515. Give the properties of benzene. What compound is a stepping-stone to the production of aniline? What use is made of aniline? What other coloring substances are mentioned ? 516. Give the general composition of the alcohols. From what is wood-spirit obtained? 517. Give formula for common alcohol. Its properties. 518. What is fusel-oil? 519. When is wine said to be sparkling? 520. Give what information you can regarding lager-beer, ale, and porter. 521. How does brandy differ from wine? 522. Give the composition of phenol. Mention substances valu