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the use of atoxyl in sleeping-sickness and salvarsan in syphilis. Thus it is seen that medical investigation has become an exceedingly complex subject and that the united efforts of the physician, the biologist, the chemist and the physicist are necessary in order to obtain favorable results. Physical science is rapidly looming to the front as an aid in the solution of medical problems and has already accomplished much, as in the application of our knowledge concerning the X-ray and radium in the treatment of disease.

The organization of a well-conducted medical laboratory calls for a competent staff and adequate equipment. The primary object is to render immediate and necessary service in the diagnosis and prevention of disease. This means that a certain amount of routine work will be conducted for the physicians and hospitals in the neighborhood. The second important object of the laboratory is to engage in research. This may be along lines to which the institution is committed, or will depend on the interests of those in charge of the laboratory, or upon accidental findings during the routine examinations. Much valuable work has been accomplished as a result of chance observations, but they really are not accidental, because the workers are ever on the lookout for unusual phenomena. Owing to the liberality of wealthy citizens of this country, many buildings have been erected and equipped for diagnostic and research purposes and they are sufficient for years to come. What is needed urgently is endowment for existing institutions and funds for salaries and materials to conduct research. Many laboratories well equipped as to working space and apparatus are unable to carry on investigations because of lack of finances. It is futile to erect buildings for scientific purposes unless funds are also provided for the work. With such support and encouragement the problem of the infectious diseases and tumors will soon be solved and their eradication is certain to follow. The greater portion of the remaining diseases will be cared for by the science of hygiene which is making such rapid progress.

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THE PROGRESS OF SCIENCE

GROVE KARL GILBERT FROM the time of Benjamin Franklin and Count Rumford, America has produced distinguished men of science; but it is only in recent years that it has rivalled the older nations in research work. The two

sciences first to attain this position were astronomy and geology, in which opportunities for research work were opened through the endowment of observatories and through the state and national support of geological surveys.

When the United States Geolog

later important work on Lake Bonneville describes the large predecessor of the present Great Salt Lake, which existed in glacial times and overflowed northward to the Co

lumbia River. One of Gilbert's most important early papers was his report on the Henry Mountains published in 1877, describing a new type of mountains, originally areas of sedimentary strata lifted by the injection of lava from beneath, to which the name laccolith is now given. Each of the large number of papers and monographs prepared

ical Survey was organized in 1879, by Gilbert during his fifty years of scientific activity contains a contribution to the subject.

Grove Karl Gilbert had been for eight years engaged in the survey of the western territories under Wheeler and Powell. He was not

only a member of the survey from its organization until his death, but shared in the work leading up to its organization, and was in large measure responsible for its admirable methods and results. During this long period Gilbert represented the highest ideals of scientific work, careful observation and sound judgment, philosophical broadness, complete straightforwardness.

Professor Herman LeRoy Fairchild, of the University of Rochester, the early home of Gilbert, at a memorial meeting held by the Rochester Academy of Sciences, said:

Dr. Gilbert's mind was of the reflective, philosophic type. He sought for the explanation and relationship of phenomena. His calm judgment and clear discrimination joined to a spirit of fairness and with gentle manners caused him to be much sought as a critic and helper. He was a sort of father-adviser to the Doubtless members of the survey. much of his thought has found expression in the writings of the younger men who revered and loved The writer of this appreciahim. tion never heard him say a harsh word of any one.

Gilbert was born in Rochester in 1843, his father being the portrait painter, Grove Sheldon Gilbert. After graduating from the University of Rochester, he was for some time engaged in Ward's Natural Science Establishment, the training school for a number of distinguished naturalists. In 1869, he began his geological work on the Ohio Geological Survey under Newberry. At that time, when only twenty- American Association for the Adeight years of age, he prepared maps vancement of Science and of the showing the ancient glacial waters American Society of Naturalists. in the Maumee Valley, the first ever On the approach of the seventy-fifth made of ancient lake beaches. His anniversary of his birth on May 6,

Gilbert was twice president of the Geological Society of America, no other American geologist having received the honor of a second election. He was president of the

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his friends were asked to send to the Paris" prepared by a number of Geological Survey letters of con- leading French scholars and to a gratulation to be handed to him on certain extent addressed to the that day, but he died on May 1. American student. The publication of such a volume at the present time bears witness to the fine spirit of the French people in maintaining institutions of the

T

THE UNIVERSITY OF PARIS THERE was published last year an appreciation by American scholars the historic

con

Professor Durkheim, who tributes the chapters on the history and the organization of the university, tells us that Paris is the oldest and largest of the world's universi

of "Science and Learning in country and planning for their France" with a survey of opporfuture development. tunities for American students in French universities. The volume is edited by Professor John H. Wigmore, of Northwestern University, at the time of its preparation president of the American Association of ties. It is a position for legitimate University Professors, and contains pride, even though the margin is articles on French contributions to not large in either direction. In the several departments of scholar- respect to size, comparisons are diffiship and science by leading Amer- cult, for it depends on which of the ican students with an introduction educational institutions of a city are by Dr. Charles W. Eliot. Appendices included and on how the students give practical details concerning edu- are counted. According to Minerva, cational advantages for American the University of Paris had, before students in France and the organ- the war, 17,512 students, followed by ization and degrees of the institu- Berlin with 14,034, Moscow with tions of higher learning.

9,516 and Petersburg with 8,955. There has now been issued under It will now be the United States the auspices of the council of the rather than Russia which will rival University of Paris a volume en- Paris in the size of its institutions. titled "La Vie Universitaire à Apart from summer school and ex

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THE SORBONNE AS BUILT BY RICHELIEU IN 1642. The Church contains the Tomb

of Richelieu. From an engraving by Aveline.

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