storation of the tribuneship; we yielded :-we quietly saw consuls of your own faction elected : you have the protection of your tribunes, and the privilege of appeal; the patricians are subjected to the decrees of the commons. Under pretence of equal and impartial laws, you have invaded our rights; and we have suffered it; and we still suffer it. 9 When shall we see an end of discord? When shall we have one interest and one common country? Victorious and triumphant, you show less temper than we, under our defeat. 10 When you are to contend with us, you can seize the Aventine Hill, you can possess yourselves of the Mons Sacer. The enemy is at our gates, the Esquiline is near being taken, and nobody stirs to hinder it. But against us you are valiant, against us you can arm with all diligence. Come on then, besiege the Senate House, make a Camp of the Forum, fill the jails with all our chief nobles; and when you have achieved these glorious exploits, then, at the least, sally out at the Esquiline gate with the same fierce spirits against the enemy. Does your resolution fail you for this? "Go then, and behold from our walls your lands ravaged, your houses plundered and in flames, the whole country laid waste with fire and sword. 12 Have you any thing here to repair these damages? Will the tribunes make up your losses to you? They will give you words as many as you please; bring impeachments in abundance

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againt the prime men in the state; heap laws upon laws; assemblies you shall have without end but will any of you return the richer from these assemblies? 13 Extinguish, O Romans, these fatal divisions; generously break this cursed enchantment, which keeps you buried in a scandalous inaction. Open your eyes, and consider the management of those ambitious men, who, to make themselves powerful in their party, study nothing but how they may foment divisions in the commonwealth. If you can but summon up your former courage, if you will now march out of Rome with your consuls, there is no punishment you can inflict which I will not submit to, if I do not, in a few days, drive these 14 pillagers out of our territory. This terror of war, with which you seem so grievously struck, shall quickly be removed from Rome to their own cities.

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LIVY.

62. 'Queen Elizabeth to her Forces, at Tilbury in 1588.

VEHEMENT EXPRESSION:

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1Cheerfulness and Alacrity, rising into Confidence and Determination; Encouraging.

'My loving people; We have been persuaded by some that are careful of our safety, to take

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heed how we commit ourself to armed multitudes, for fear of treachery; 2 but I assure you, I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving people. Let tyrants fear I have always so behaved myself, that, under God, I have placed my chief strength and safeguard in the loyal hearts and good will of my subjects. And therefore I am come among you at this time, not for my recreation or sport, but being resolved in the midst and heat of the battle, to live or die among you all; and to lay down for my God, and for my kingdom, and for my people, my honour and my blood-even in the dust. I know I have but the body of a weak and feeble woman; but I have the heart of a king, and a king of England too; and think foul scorn that Parma, or Spain, or any prince of Europe, should dare to invade the borders of my realms; to which, rather than any dishonour should grow by me, I myself will take up arms, I myself will be your general, your judge, and the rewarder of every one of your virtues in the field. I know already by your forwardness that you have deserved rewards and crowns; and we do assure you, on the word of a prince, they shall be duly paid you. In the mean time, my lieutenant-general shall be in my stead, than whom never prince commanded more noble and worthy subject; nor do I doubt, by your obedience to my general, by your concord in the camp, and your valour in the field, we shall

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shortly have a famous victory over the enemies of my God, my kingdom, and my people.

63.

ENGLISH HISTORY.

Demosthenes to the Freemen of Athens assembled to legislate.

VEHEMENT EXPRESSION:

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8

5

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'Narrative manner, becoming Argumentative, and rising gradually into the predominant expression; Reproach, Argument, with increasing vehemence as it proceeds; Reproach; Exhortation with encouragement; sometimes with an expression of' Dignity; sometimes of Reproach mingled with contempt; ' Encouragement; 10 Determination.

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1 Had we been convened, Athenians, on some new subject of debate, I had waited until most of the usual persons had declared their opinions. If I had approved of any thing proposed by them, I should have continued silent; if not, I had then attempted to speak my sentiments. But since those very points on which these speakers have oftentimes been heard already, are at this time to be considered; though I have risen first, I presume I may expect your pardon for if they, on former occasions, had advised the necessary measures, you would not have found it needful to consult at present.

First then, Athenians, these our affairs must not be thought desperate; no, though our situation seems entirely deplorable. For the most

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shocking circumstance of all our past conduct, is really the most favourable to our future expectations. And what is this? That our own total indolence has been the cause of all our present difficulties. For were we thus distressed in spite of every vigorous effort which the honour of our state demanded, there were then no hope of a recovery.

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If there be a man in this assembly who thinks that we must find a formidable enemy in Philip, while he views on one hand the numerous armies that surround him, and, on the other, the weakness of the state thus despoiled of its dominions; he thinks justly. Yet let him reflect on this: there was a time, Athenians, when we possessed Pydna, and Potidæa, and Methone, and all that country round; when many of the states now subjected to him were free and independent, and more inclined to our alliance than to his. Had Philip then reasoned in the same manner-How shall I dare to attack the Athenians, whose garrisons command my territories, while I am destitute of all assistance-he could not have engaged in those enterprises which are now crowned with success, nor could he have raised himself to this pitch of greatness. No, Athenians, he knew this well, that all these places are but prizes laid between the combatants, and ready for the conqueror; that the dominions of the absent devolve naturally to those who are in the field the possessions of the supine to the