Imágenes de páginas
PDF
EPUB

Amercements, regulated by Great Charter, | Arminians, opponents of Puritans, ii. 254;

i. 389; by Statute of Westminster I., 406.
America, growth of English political organiza-
tion in, i. 15, 68, 77-79; colonization in, how
affected by physiography, 15, 16; struggle
for possession of, by European nations, 16;
right of acquisition of, based on discovery,
16, 17, 19; colonization in, by English com-
panies, 17 et seq.; land held under royal
charters, 19 et seq.; first representative as-
sembly held in Virginia, 21; proprietary
colonies in, 24, 25; theory of colonial
rights, 25, 26; the product of aggregation,
27, 28; township in the North and county
in the South the active agents, 29; sur-
vival of feudal principles in land law, 48;
effect of increased population on the Eng-
lish colonies, 53; expansion of, at the cost
of France, 54, 55; independence of, 55, 56;
vice-admiralty courts in, 551; English set-
tlements in, ii. 233, 234; Plymouth colony,
279-281; Mayflower compact, 279; Puri-
tan exodus to, 280; suffrage in New Eng-
land, 280, 281; its executive modelled after
George III., 504; preliminary treaty of
peace with, concluded, 505; war with, in-
creases the English national debt, 510.
Anderson's Reports, quoted, ii. 264.
Angles, Engles, mentioned by Tacitus, i. 115;
their homeland, 115; whole tribe probably
passed into Britain, 116; give their name
to the land, 116; kingdoms of, 150.
Anglicans, views, ii. 86; leaders, 86; contro-
versy with the Lutherans, 86.
Annates, their payment to the pope forbid-
den, ii. 68, 72.

Anne of Cleves, her marriage with Henry
VIII., ii. 94.

Anne, Queen, her claim to the throne set
aside, ii. 422; presides at cabinet councils,
447; opposed to party government, 447;
uses the veto power, 447; on the union of
England and Scotland, 448; death, 449,
450.

Annual Parliament Bill. See Triennial Act.
Anselm, his dispute with Henry I. on the
subject of investiture, i. 347.

Appeal, of murder, i. 311; abolished, 311;
ancient system of, 200; ecclesiastical sys-
tem of, 341, 342; private accusations by,
abolished, 442.

Appeal, court of, creation, ii. 590; an inter-
mediate court, 591.

Appropriation Act, the annual, ii. 562.

Aquitaine, lost to England, i. 555.

Archbishop's writ, i. 343.

Archdeacon, court of, i. 341.

Argyle, Earl of, beheaded, ii. 396.

Aristotle, the founder of political science,
i. 4, 5, 595.

Armada, Spanish, effect of its defeat on mod-
erate catholics in England, ii. 173.

principles of, 254; resolutions in the house
of commons against, 277, 278.
Army. See Military System.
Army, Cromwell's reform of the Puritan, ii.
327-329; adopts a constitution of its own,
335, 336; treatment of Charles I., 336-338;
purges the house of commons, 338; peti-
tions the Rump Parliament for its dissolu-
tion, 345, 346; constructs a dictatorship,
346; opposes the offer of the crown to
Cromwell, 352; Cooper's speech on, 355;
organizes a permanent council of general
officers, 355; attacked by the house of
commons, 355; favored by Richard Crom-
well, 355; leaders agree with republicans to
set aside the protectorate, 356; officers
expel the Rump Parliament, 356; division
between the Scottish and English forces,
356; use in suppressing rioters, 500, 501.
See Military System.

Array, commissions of, issued by Charles I.,
ii. 320. See Military System.
Articles, of Confederation of the United
States, i. 52, 56, 58; the Ten, ii. 87; Stat-
ute of the Six, 91-93; of Enquiry, 116; the
Forty-two, 126-129; Thirty-nine, 128, 159;
the Eleven, temporary adoption, 159.
Arthur, son of Geoffrey, acknowledged in
Anjou, i. 364; his overthrow and murder,
364.

Arthur, eldest son of Henry VIII., marries
Catherine of Aragon, ii. 38; death of, 38.
Arundel, Archbishop, his persecution of the
Lollards, i. 539.

Arundel, Earl of, question of privilege of the

house of lords involved in his case, ii. 260.
Ashford v. Thornton, case of, i. 311, 332.
Ashley, Lord, speech on the army, ii. 355;
head of Charles II.'s cabinet, 369; joins the
opponents of the court, ii. 372; opposes the
marriage of James with Mary of Modena,
372; dismissed from office, 372; becomes
leader of the country party, 372; in favor
of the succession of Monmouth, 384; dis-
missed as president of the council, 384;
suggests agitation by petitions, 384; pre-
sents the Duke of York to the grand jury
of Middlesex, 385; appearance at Oxford,
386; imprisonment and flight, 388.

Aske, Robert, leads a revolt in the north, ii.
85; his demands, 85.
Assandun, Battle of, i. 215.
Assessments. See Taxation.

Assize, court of, legislation by, of Norman
origin, i. 206, 329; use of the word, 291;
to be distinguished from the ancient county
court, 319, 320; modern court of, its de-
velopment, 333, 340; cognizance of elec-
tions, 529; serious offences reserved for,
ii. 192: Of Arms, i. 284, 291, 298, 312,
451, ii. 196; of Clarendon, i. 286–289, 291,

450; of the Forest, 291, 312; of North- | Barebones Parliament. See Parliament.
ampton, 291, 318; of Nottingham, 360; the
Great Assize, 329, 330.
Assizes. See Judicial System.
Astley, surrender of, ii. 332.

Barillon, on James II. and the French treaty,
ii. 394, 395.

Attainder, bills of, i. 578, 582; of the king,
removed by descent of the crown, ii. 22;
of the subject, removable only by act of
parliament, 22.

Atterbury, Bishop, Rights and Privileges, ii.
458.

Attorney-general, appointment of the first, ii.
19 n.; excluded from house of commons,

442.

Augsburg, Confession of, ii. 87.
Augustine, Saint, his mission to Britain, i.
155.

Auxilium, use of the name, i. 297.

BABBINGTON, ANTHONY, conspiracy, ii. 167.
Bacon, Francis, Lord Verulam, on Henry
VII.'s claim to the throne, ii. 21; on Henry
VII.'s act for security of the subject, 23; on
the basis of the jurisdiction of the privy
council, 24; on the court of the star cham-
ber, 26; on Henry VII. and the nobility,
28; on Henry VII. as a lawgiver, 30, 31;
idea of toleration, 218; defends the report
of the commissioners on the union of Eng-
land and Scotland, 228; on purveyance and
wardship, 231; king's counsel, 235; attor-
ney-general, 235, 236; urges the calling of
parliament, 236; on James I., benevolence,
239; made lord chancellor, 242; made Lord
Verulam, 242; counsels economy, 242; im-
peached for judicial corruption, admits his
guilt, 246; on duty of judges, 281; on
Henry VII., councillors, 368; sits in the
house of commons, 442; on the effect of
limiting freedom of thought, 493.
Bæda, his Ecclesiastical History, i. 122; on
the so-called Bretwaldadom, 152; on the
satraps of the Saxons, 174.

Bagehot, Walter, on the cabinet, ii. 452; on
the fusion of executive and legislative
powers, 544; on the duties of the house of
lords, 545; on the choice of cabinet officials,
554; on the English Constitution, 592.
Bailiff, i. 462. See Reeve.
Ball, John, i. 508.

Baltimore, Lord, proprietor of Maryland, i.
24, 32; nature of his grant, 24.
Bancroft, George, on interstate citizenship,
i. 75; compared with Tacitus, 94.
Bancroft, Richard, becomes archbishop of
Canterbury, ii. 224.

Bank of England, incorporated, ii. 434, 435;
operations of, 435; ordered to suspend
cash payments, 511; guardian of the na-
tional revenues, 556.

Bankruptcy, statute relating to, ii. 99.
Banneret, dignity of, i. 437.

Baronet, creation of the title of, ii. 236.
Barons, supremacy of, under Stephen, i. 276;
estate of, identical with house of lords, 349,
354; personal summons to the national
council, 353, 354, 435; oppose taxation of
Richard I., 361; assume leadership in the
nation, 366; their defection from John,
372, 374; taxes laid on, 374; refuse to serve
abroad, 375; demand reform, 376, 378;
meeting of, at St. Edmund's, 378; at Stam-
ford, 379; John's surrender to, 379; bene-
fited by Great Charter, 383, 384; papal
condemnation of, 392; their offer to Lewis
of France, 393; pay homage to Lewis, 394;
refuse military service to Edward I., 419;
further resistance under Bigod and Bohun,
420-423; created by writ and patent, 436;
participation of, in taxation, 483; right to
exclusive control of royal administration,
500; their strength as a military body, 565;
power weakened by subinfeudation, 566;
decline of, under the Lancasters, ii. 28; not
strengthened by Henry VII., 28.
Barons' War, the, i. 400; ii. 13.
Basilicon Doron, ii. 212; circumstances under
which written, 214.

Bastwick, his Flagellum Pontificis, ii. 294;
sentence against, 294, 295; released from
prison, 304.

Bate, resists the payment of royal impost on
currants, ii. 226; judgment against, 226;
discussion of the decision by the commons,
230; question of the doctrine of divine
right in the case of, 272.

Battle, Kemp P., on the case of Bayard v.
Singleton, i. 80.

Bayard v. Singleton, case of, its significance,
i. 47, 80.

Bayonne, Bishop of, Letters, ii. 62.
Beauchamp, Sir John, high admiral of Eng-
land, i. 548.

Beauchamp, Lord, question of legitimacy, ii.

2II.

Beaufort, Henry, bishop of Lincoln, i. 553;
chancellor, 554; leads the council, 555;
his death, 555-

Beauforts, legitimatized, i. 554; limitation on,
554.

"Bed-chamber question," ii. 548, 549.
Benefices, become hereditary, i. 224, 269.
Beneficium, the, its origin, i. 223; united with
commendation, 224; hereditary character
of, 224. See Benefices.
Benefit of clergy, ii. 99.
Benevolences, i. 579; forbidden, 586; ille-
gally collected by Richard III., 588; ex-
acted by Edward IV., ii. 19; under Henry
VII., 29; history of, 29 n.; levied by
Henry VIII., 44; history of, after Henry

stituted, 445.

VIII., 44; revived by James I., 238; op- | Board of Trade, revived, ii. 444; legally con-
position to, 238, 239; resisted in West-
minster and Middlesex, 263; opponents to
the demand of Charles I. for, imprisoned,
264; sermons in favor of, 264. See also
Taxation.

Beornwulf, king of the Mercians, defeated by
Ecgberht, i. 166.

Beowulf, song of, reveals English moral tem-
per, i. 113.

Beresford, Sir Simon de, case of, quoted,
ii. 387.

Bernicia, division of Northumbria, united
with Deira under Oswiu, i. 158, 162, 163.
Berwick, treaty of, ii. 297.

Bible, translation of the Great, in England,
ii. 102; as a source of religious truth, 168;
Tyndale's translation of the New Testa-
ment in England, 168; preparation of the
Authorized Version sanctioned, 219.
Bigelow, Melville M., on the hundred courts,
i. 256; on the courts of itinerant justices,
258; on sheriffs, 307; on royal jurisdiction,
316.

Bigod, Roger, Earl of Norfolk, resists Ed-
ward I., 419, 422, 498.

Bill of Rights. See Declaration of Rights.
Bills, parliamentary, regulation of, i. 519;
money bills to originate in house of com-
mons, 519, 525, 541.

Birinus, converts the West Saxons, i. 158.
Birmingham, recent survival of the bailiffs
and court leet in, i. 457.

Bishops, their position in the shire moot, i.
199, 200; separate court of, 260, 286, 304,
341, 446, 448; baronial status of, 287, 354,
355; election of, before and after the Nor-
man Conquest, 287, 345-347; defend the
Anglican Church, ii. 62; nomination by
Congé d'élire, 72, 73; creation of twenty-six
bishoprics by parliament, 77; required by
Edward VI. to destroy old service-books,
125; Elizabeth's difficulties with, 157, 158;
status made secure by act of parliament,
163; office of Scotch bishop abolished, 213;
James VI. espouses cause of Scotch bish-
ops, 214; Puritans wish authority dimin-
ished, 312; popular demonstration against,
314; impeachment of certain bishops, 314;
restored to their livings by Charles II., 360;
act excluding from the house of lords re-
pealed, 361; protest of the seven against
reading the Declaration of Indulgence,
404; imprisonment and trial of the seven,
404, 405; enthusiasm over their acquittal,
405.

Black Book, ii. 81, 82.

Black Death, the, i. 507; effect upon labor,

ii. 121.

Blackstone, on canon law, i. 339; his descrip-
tion of convocation, 343; does not mention
the cabinet, ii. 503.

Boards. See Local Government.
Bohun, Humfrey, Earl of Hereford, resists
Edward I., i. 419, 422, 498.

Boleyn, Anne, secretly married to Henry
VIII., ii. 70; convicted of adultery and exe-
cuted; 84; marriage with Henry VIII.
declared null and void, 84.

Bolingbroke, Lord, opposition to Marlbor-
ough, ii. 448, 449; plots for the return of
the Pretender, 449; impeachment and
flight, 456, 457.

Bonner, Bishop, refusal to take oath of su-
premacy, ii. 162.

Bordeaux, lost to England, i. 555.
Borh, i. 458.

Boroughs, burg, their constitution, i. 152, 454;
Teutonic origin of, 455; creation of, for
political purposes, ii. 202, 390, 465; first
charter of incorporation and abuse of in-
corporations, 464, 465; last royal charter,
465; varying status of the franchise in,
466; origin of nomination boroughs, 466;
unjust distribution of the representation
from, 466; Cromwell's effort at reforming
the representation of, 466; traffic in nomi-
nation boroughs, 467 ; nomination boroughs
sometimes used to assist a rising young
man, 467, 468; lack of connection between
a nomination borough and its representa-
tive, 468; Pitt's efforts to reform the repre-
sentation in, 520, 521, 522; Grey's proposal
for reform in representation, 523; Lord
Russell's resolutions on the reform of, 524,
525; rotten boroughs disfranchised by the
reform bill, 529; franchise extended by the
Representation of the People Act, 535;
charters used for political effect, 567; fran-
chise vested in rate-payers, 567; reorgani-
zation of, under the Municipal Corpora
tions Acts, 567, 568.

Boston, Mass., its municipal history, i. 40.
Bosworth, battle of, i. 588.
Boutmy, Émile, on the origin of English con-
stitutional law, i. 415.
Bouvines, battle of, i. 377.
Bracton, Henry de, i. 413, 414; authority for
trial by battle, 311.

Bradlaugh, case of, ii. 427, 428, 484.
Bradshaw, on the dissolution of the Rump
Parliament, ii. 346.

Brantly, W. T., on the evolution of the
Constitution of the United States, i. 79.
Breda, declaration of, ii. 357, 359.
Brentano, Dr. Ludwig J., on the merchant-
gild and the borough, i. 460.
Bretwalda, supremacy of, i. 152; theories of
Palgrave, Kemble, Freeman, and Green
with regard to, 152-154; forms of the name,
153.

Bribery. See Corruption.

Bridges, maintained by the county, ii. 191; |
statute of, 191.

Bristol, corporation of, refuses access to its
records, i. 471; surrender of, to Charles I.,

ii. 325.

Bristol, Earl of, case, ii. 261; impeaches
Buckingham, 261.

Britain, character of Teutonic conquest and
settlement in, i. 10-12, 84 et seq., 120, 149,
150, 155, 161; continued heathenism of its
Teutonic conquerors, 155, 183; lack of
recorded history in, 83, 120; exotic exist-
ence of Roman influence in, 84, 118, 455;
Saxons and Angles pass into, 116, 117;
Roman conquest of, 117, 118; question as
to its earliest inhabitants, 117; Roman de-
fences of, 118; ravages of Picts and Scots
in, 118, 119; Roman troops withdrawn
from, 119; fragmentary history of the Eng-
lish conquest, 121; fate of Roman cities in,
125; foundation of English kingdoms in,
124, 146-148, 151, 154; ecclesiastical divi-
sions of the early kingdoms in, 160, 161;
becomes England, 169; Roman municipali-
ties have no continuous existence in, 455.
Britton, i. 414.

Bromley, Sir Henry, imprisoned, ii. 206.
Brown, Mr. Justice, quoted, i. 15.
Brown, on naturalization, ii. 424.
Brownists. See Separatists, Independents.
Brunner, Heinrich, on the origin of trial by
jury, i. 206, 281.

Bryce, James, quoted, i. 1, 19; on the Amer-
ican Constitution, 66, 69; his Holy Roman
Empire, 369.

Buckingham, Duke of. See Villiers, George.
Budget, The, ii. 555; made by the chancellor

of the exchequer, 556, 562. See also Fi-
nancial System.

Burdette, Sir Francis, attempt to reform re-
presentation, ii. 523.
Burford, battle of, i. 163.
Burg. See Borough.
Burg-gemot, i. 192, 455.

Burghley, Lord. See Cecil, William.
Burke, Edmund, his picture of the British
parliament, i. 26, 428; on the younger Pitt,
ii. 504.

Burkhardt, Lutheran divine, in England, ii. 88.
Burton, his For God and the King, ii. 294;
sentence against, 294, 295; released from
prison, 304.

Bute, Lord, use of bribery, ii. 472; becomes
George III.'s chief adviser, 479; made a
secretary of state, 479; drives Pitt from
power, 479; becomes nominal head of the
government, 479; public opinion forces his
resignation, 480.

By, Danish equivalent to township, i. 143,

[blocks in formation]

com-

CABAL, the, use of, ii. 369.
Cabinet, its origin, i. 252, 547, ii. 179;
mittee of the two kingdoms," the germ of
modern, ii. 326; at first, simply an inner
circle of councillors, 368; used as such by
Charles I., 368; origin of term " cabinet
council," 368; the Cabal of Charles II., 369;
Temple's scheme in its relation to, 378; sys-
tem of government by, under William and
Mary, 436, 437; no legal status, 437, 438-440;
mainspring of cabinet composed of Whigs
created by William III., 440, 441; collec-
tive responsibility assumed, 441; modern
idea of, opposed by William III., 440, 441 ;
compulsion to resign on adverse vote not
recognized, 445; attempt to revert to old
system, 445, 446; Anne presides at meet-
ings of, and uses the veto power, 447;
protest against use of term "cabinet coun-
cil," 450; connects the legislative and exe-
cutive, 452; must be a unit in sympathy
with dominant party in the commons; lack
of harmony means resignation, ii. 453;
outcome of progressive history, 453; head-
ship vested in a prime minister, 453; effect
of George I.'s reign on government by,
454, 455; under George II., 456; first
simultaneous change of the whole, 456;
dominated by Walpole, 460; Walpole first
prime minister to resign on adverse vote in
lower house, 461, 478; joint responsibility
and joint resignation becomes fixed in
1782, 462; Granville's resignation from,
because in conflict with the majority, 462,
478; division of power in, between Pitt and
Newcastle, 463; superiority of government
by, recognized, 478; George III. substi-
tutes secret counsellors for the, 479; effect
of George III.'s reign on, 503, 592, 593;
Blackstone and De Lolme omit the name
of, 503; American statesmen unconscious
of its existence in 1787, 504; dominated
by the younger Pitt, 509, 510; separate
and independent departments break down
under Pitt, 510; dominates George IV., 518,
519; ultimate triumph of government by,
519; transfer of sovereignty to, worked no
outward change in the constitution, 548;
question if it has left any personal author-
ity to the sovereign, 548; cabinet and
premier's right to dismiss refractory minis-
ters, 550; origin, distribution, and number
of officers, 554, 555; number in Lord Salis-
bury's, 554, n.; members must be privy
councillors, 558, 559; distinguished from
ministry, 559; office in, held by the prime
minister, 559; members may be admitted
to, without departmental responsibility, 559,
n.; duty of initiating and carrying through
parliament of national legislation, 559; con-
trols bills of private members, 559; main-
tains the privileges of parliament, 559, 560;

collectively and individually responsible,
560; responsible for the speech from the
throne, 560; responsibility for appropria-
tions and grants, 561; relieved of responsi
bility as to private bills, 563; may be asked
questions, 563, 564; present importance,
593. See also Ministry; Council, Privy.
Cabots, the, voyages of, the basis for English
claims to first American settlements, i. 17;
John Cabot given a patent by Henry VIII.,
ii. 32.

Cadiz, failure of expedition against, ii. 258.
Cæsar, Caius Julius, his sketch of the Teu-
tons not wholly trustworthy, i. 91-93; his
invasion of Britain, 117.

Calvin, John, Institutes of the Christian Re-
ligion, ii. 168; dominant at Geneva, 168;
his scheme of church government, 168,
169; effect of his doctrines in Scotland,
169; his ideas in England, 170.
Calvinists, deny the religious supremacy of
kings, ii. 169; deny the authority of the
episcopate, 169; flee from England, 170;
ideas adopted by English Puritans, 200;
ideas applied in Scotland, 212-214.
Cambridge, University of, coerced by Henry
VIII, ii. 65; its vice-chancellor deprived
of office, 402.

Camden, Lord, on general search warrants,
ii. 482.

Campbell, Lord, his libel act, ii. 493.
Campeggio, Cardinal, appointed by pope with
Wolsey to try divorce case of Henry VIII.,

ii. 55
Campian, a Jesuit, convicted of high treason,
ii. 166.

Canon law, first teaching and growth of, i.
261, 339; authorities for history of, 339;
punishment of heresy by, 537, 539; defini-
tion of, in Middle Ages, ii. 54 n.; acts for
the codification of, 129; appointment of a
commission to codify, 129; failure of the
commission, 129; present status of, 129,
130; compilations in the reign of James I.,
130; of 1865, 130; effect on the church
courts, 143; procedure under, 144.
Canterbury, convocation of, admits Henry
VIII.'s headship of the church, ii. 66.
Canterbury, metropolitan see, i. 155, 161;
its first Norman archbishop, 228; province
of, 340, 341; court of the arches, 341; con-
vocation of, 343; court of peculiars, 343;
court of delegates, 343; controversy of the
appointment to the primacy, 367, 368; at-
tempt to consecrate Dr. Parker, ii. 157,
158.

[ocr errors]

Cantescyre," use of the name, i. 172.
Carleton, threatens parliament, ii. 18 n.
Carlyle, Thomas, on Norse mythology, i. 112;
criticism of his Letters and Speeches of
Cromwell, ii. 354; on Walpole's policy,
460.

Carolina, proprietary colony, i. 24; becomes
a royal colony, 25.

Caroline, Queen, question of her divorce, ii.
518, 519.

Carr, Robert, made a peer, ii. 235; sits in the
upper house, 235; becomes the real chief
of state, 235; eclipsed by Buckingham,

242.

Carthusians, trials and executions, ii. 79.
Cartwright, Thomas, advocates the abolition
of the episcopal system, ii. 171; The Legis
lative Rights of the Community vindicated,
520.

Carucage, i. 294, 297, 298; under Richard I.,
360, 362; under Henry III., 451, 484.
Carver, John, first governor of Plymouth, ii.

279.

Castles, built in Stephen's reign, i. 276.
Cathedral churches, chapters of, i. 345; right
of election of bishops, 345-347.
Catherine of Aragon, married to Arthur, ii.
38; betrothed to Henry, 38; in England,
39; marries Henry VIII., 40; death of
her children, 53; appeals to Rome, 55;
banished from the royal palace, 67.
Catholicism. See Church, Roman Catholic.
"Cavaliers," origin of the name, ii. 314.
Caxton, William, i. 595; ii. 34.

Ceawlin, king of the West Saxons, his victory
at Deorham, i. 149, 164; defeated by the
Welsh, 165.

Cecil, Robert, created secretary of state, ii.
178; pledges himself to James I., 211; sub-
mits the Great Contract, 230; check on
arbitrary exercise of royal prerogative, 234,
235; negotiates marriage alliance with
Elector Palatine Frederick IV., 243.
Cecil, William, Lord Burghley, his policy, ii.
153; criticises court of high commission,
175.

Cedd, converts the East Saxons, i. 159.
Cenwulf, king of the Mercians, i. 164.
Ceorl, position of, i. 126; effects of the
growth of thegnhood on, 133.

Cerdic, founds the kingdom of the West Sax-
ons, i. 164, 174.

Chamberlain of London v. Allen Evans, case
of, ii. 426.

Chambers, Richard, case growing out of the
dispute over the customs, ii. 274; resists
ship-money, 288, 289.
Champerty, i. 567.

Chancellor, origin of the name, i. 244; office
of, introduced by Edward the Confessor,
245; his powers and distinct court, 250;
office of, in the house of lords, 480, 520;
delivers the speech from the throne, ii. 560.
Chancery, roll of, i. 247; petitions referred
to, 249, 250; equitable jurisdiction of, 250,
515; ceases to follow the king, 250; pro-
position to suppress it, ii. 347; equity juris-
diction, 588.

« AnteriorContinuar »