Elements of Physics: Or Natural Philosophy

Portada
D. Appleton, 1887 - 873 páginas

Dentro del libro

Contenido

Three states of matter solid liquid gas determined by cohe sion and heatmotion 13 Varieties of cohesive manifestation
13
illustrations petrifaction
14
specific gravity
15
Crystallization a result of a molecular polar cohesion
16
The amorphous state of bodies
18
Mohrs scale tempering
19
Ruperts drops annealing
20
elastic limit 22 Pliancy asbestos
22
metallic leaf
23
platinum wire
24
resistance of materials to stretching table
25
limpid and viscous liquids
26
examples
28
Solution due to adhesion
31
Adhesion between liquids
32
rise of liquids in fine tubes
33
Capillary depression
34
Interatomic or chemical attraction
35
Chemical union destroys individuality of atoms
36
Chemical changes in the properties of bodies
37
Chemical attraction does not interfere with gravitation
38
results of chemical attraction
39
Table of Contents
40
1
41
Motion and force defined
42
7
43
velocity table of velocities 102
44
Uniform motion or velocity
45
Variable motion
46
Absolute and relative motion
47
Coexistence of motions
48
Parallelogram of motions or velocities
50
components
51
Force a compound of matter and motion
53
gravitation cohesion chenical attraction heat magnetism electricity light
54
measure of force examples
55
II
56
their measure Accelerated force examples
58
PAGE Table of Contents
61
Fall of bodies in vacuo
62
Attwoods machine
63
Laws of falling bodies
65
Measure of gravity
66
illustrations 69 Newtons Laws of Motion First Law 105 106 107 IIC III 113 116 118 120 122
67
147
69
examples 149
70
perpetual motion impossible Popular idea of inertia celestial motions 153 154
74
All natural motions retarded 156
75
examples
77
159
79
13
80
examples the whirling table Laws of centrifugal force examples the centrifugal railway Saturnsring experiment 82 Newtons Second Law of Motion
82
action and reactionillus
84
Concussion of elastic bodies Interference of pendulum vibrations and of vibrating magnets
86
The principle of Energy 158 161 165
88
measure of work workpower 174
89
Footpound Kilogrammetre Relations of Energy to Velocity 176
90
179
91
Different Forms of Energy 182
93
184
95
18
96
188
98
190
99
192
101
193
102
PART II
103
196
104
197
105
Of a pyramid and of a cone
106
23
107
205
109
28
110
29
111
210
112
213
114
214
115
30
116
219
117
THE SIMPLE MACHINES 119 Analysis of the section
119
31
120
The lever does not magnify force Perpetual motion impossible
122
its real use examined
123
illustrations
124
steelyard
125
36
126
examples
127
compound and bent levers
128
capstan windlass
131
railway gradients
133
examples
134
its applications
135
fixed and movable pullies
136
138 Extension of the term Mechanical Power
138
the kneejoint the lazy tongs ii Cumulative machines flywheels iii Modification of direction Straight changed into rotary and rotary into straight The ...
140
258
141
259
142
263
143
265
145
58
146
59
147
268
149
271
151
64
153
Strength of structures and materials 278 99 Large structures proportionally weak 279
155
Size of hills of animals of vegetables of roofs arches c
156
examples 285
158
girders tubular bridges 288
160
71
162
PART III
165
liquid gas Fundamental property of fluids
166
The hydrostatic paradox
167
the hydrostatic bellows the Bramah Press
168
76
170
78
171
Liquids press in all directions
173
Horizontal surface of liquids at rest
174
Liquids seek their own level
175
81
176
82
178
the Suez canal
179
84
187
centre of buoyancy
191
lifepreservers Boytons lifesaving dress xi
192
Increase of buoyancy with density of liquid
195
Liquids floating on liquids
196
The heattransferrer
197
88
199
specific gravity of liquids and gases of soluble solids of powders
201
91
203
Table of specific gravities
205
Analysis of the section
207
Law of liquids issuing by an orifice History of the science
208
The vena contracta
209
Frictional resistance to moving fluids
210
Liquid friction
211
height form the bore of a river
212
law of liquid resistance
214
Applications to navigation
216
Aërial resistance Limit to velocity through air and other fluids
217
Fluid resistance influenced by shape of solid
218
undershot breast and overshot Atmospheric resistance the waterhammer Power of moving fluids levigating geological action of liquids winnowing
222
Oblique fluid actionof wind on a sailing vessel
223
gun rifling
225
feathering of an arrow
227
The screwpropellerits power due to oblique action
228
bucketwheel chainpump ropepump
230
Persian wheel
231
Barkers mill Turbine Centrifugalpump
232
PNEUMATICS 235 Analysis of the section
235
Airits lightness and elasticity
237
condensing syringe the airpump
238
Law of gaseous elasticity
240
The Cartesian diver
244
Heros fountain
245
Pressure of fluids in all directions 247 Kinetic theory of gases
246
336
333
355
355
553
367
373
375
377
381
Heat a form of Energy
383
Mechanical theory of Heat
384
The Sun the natural source of Heat
385
Amount and intensity of Solar radiation
386
Influence of Solar Heat on the Globe Hybernation of animals
387
The source of Solar Heat
388
Terrestrial or Subterranean Heat 390 Artesian Wells and Thermal Springs
389
Volcanoes
390
Temperature of deep mines 392 Deep sea temperatures
391
Polar currents in the Atlantic
394
Source of terrestrial heat Change of bulk caused by heat
395
Physical states of matter dependent on heat
396
Illustrations from mercury and camphor
397
Gases and vapours the result of heat
398
PAGE Table of Contents
400
equalization of temperature Heat and Cold relative terms
402
Conduction of Heat 402
403
Conductors and Nonconductors
405
clothing
406
Natural coverings of animals
408
liquid bucyancy the conditions of floating
409
Conducting power of the Earth Frozen soil of Siberia
410
Table of Contents PAGE ART 248 The Law of Charies
413
The weight of the atmosphere
414
the Magdeburg hemispheres
415
Influence of Clothing
416
Principles of the safety lamp
417
Torricellis experiment
418
The sucking or lifting pump
419
the syphon
420
Examples of the syphon principle
422
Atmospheric pressure illustrated
423
Climatic changes
425
cupping 42 4
426
fall of the barometer as we ascend
435
Airpump gauge
436
Use of barometer to find specific gravity
437
Use of barometer in mines
438
Effects of atmospheric pressure
439
Capacity of bodies for heat 441 Specific heat
440
balloons
441
modern ascents the Paris siegeballoons
443
flame and smoke
445
fireplaces and stoves causes of smoky chimneys
447
Wet bulb thermometer
448
the tradewinds the seabreeze and landbreeze of the tropics
449
Formation of Glaciers and Icebergs
450
cyclones typhoons
451
Expansion of bodies by heat
453
The pneumatic trough and gasometer
454
Increase of bulk in solids
455
laws of liquid diffusion
456
its laws
458
Expansion of liquids
459
osmometer endosmose exosmose
460
dialysisits medical uses
462
experiments operation of osmose
464
Geisslers and Sprengels airpump
468
Boiling point of water
469
Spheroidal state of liquids
470
Analysis of the section 99 Sound is motion
471
influence of form on vibration of a solid
473
wavemotion chainwaves amplitude
475
Superheated steam
476
power of air to trans 312 Effects of vibrations on flames sensitive flames
477
Pressure of steam for different temperatures 481 Expansive force of steam
479
the vocal Memnon seashells
482
sympathetic sounds
483
Velocity of sound in hydrogen and in air
484
Conductibility of solids
485
The Cryophorus
491
Condensation of vapours
494
Freezing mixtures
497
The thermometer
498
The different Scales
501
Differential thermometer
504
Pyrometers
505
Table of high and low temperatures
506
Passage of Heat into Light
507
Chemical effects of Heat 511 Influence on germination and incubation 512 Phenomena of combustion
509
724
511
725
512
Combustion with and without oxygen 729
515
Spontaneous combustion 731
517
incandescence 734
518
Supporters of combustion and combustibles 735
519
Heat and light of combustion 736
521
Nature of flame
523
Products of Combustion
525
Fuel
529
Temperature of the bodies of animals Heat borne by man and animals
536
Influence of heat on animals
539
Source of animal heat
540
Stoves and firegrates
546
Warming of dwellings 767 770 553 Heat from Collision of bodies 773
548
778
553
LIGHT 555 Analysis of the section
555
Sources of Light 557 Light from the
556
781
557
Light from Combustion 782
558
Drummond and Bude lights
559
Light from Animals 784 786
560
Separation of Light and Heat 789
562
Calorescence 789
563
Nonluminous bodies 792
564
Light proceeds in straight lines 795
567
Photometry and Photometers 799
569
Velocity of light
571
Transparent and opaque substances 803
573
Refraction of light 804
574
Atmospheric refraction 808
578
Fata Morgana
580
8IC 812
582
Action of Lenses 814
585
822
592
83c 834 836 842 848 861 868
594
Phenomena of Vision
596
Persistence of Impressions
601
Complementary colours
604
Rules of Perspective
606
Apparent size of objects
612
616
617
Chiaroscuro
629
Principles of the Stereoscope
636
The Telescope
642
The Microscope
647
Reflection of Light
649
Concave and Convex mirrors
655
The Camera Lucida
659
The Rainbow
660
Solar Spectrum and Spectrum analysis
663
Fluorescence
665
The Spectroscope
667
Constitution of the Sun and Stars
672
Chemical properties of Light
673
Emission and Wave theories
676
Phenomena of Interference
679
Polarization of Light
683
Polarization of Heat
688
Old and New Theories of Light
689
ELECTRICITY
691
Nature of Electricity
692
Illustrations of its production
694
Conductors and Insulators 697 Electrical Machines
697
Electrical Induction
702
The Electroscope
703
The Electrophorus
704
Holtzs Induction Machine
706
The Leyden
707
The Electric Battery
709
Velocity of the Electric flash
713
The Electricity of the Atmosphere
714
Current or Voltaic Electricity
716
Voltaic batteries
719
Daniells battery and its varieties
721
Groves and Bunsens Batteries
722
Manipulation of Batteries
724
Galvanic deposition of metals
726
Electrolysis
727
Decomposition of Water
728
the Loadstone
731
Magnetism a polar force
732
Magnetic Induction 99 Magnetization of iron
734
The Electromagnet
736
Diamagnetism
737
Terrestrial Magnetism
738
Variations of the Compass
739
Magnetic charts
740
Electromagnetism
741
Galvanometers
743
Electrodynamics
745
Electromagnetic Engines
746
Electric clocks
747
Induced Electric currents
748
Ruhmkorffs Induction coil
749
Magnetoelectric induction
752
Thermoelectricity
756
The Thermopile
757
The Electric Telegraph
758
The Morse Telegraph
763
Submarine Telegraphs
766
Duplex Telegraphy
768
Rapidity of transmission
769
Solar Telegraphy
770
1003
772
PART V
773
1012
774
1017
779
The Earths rotation
787
The apparent motion of the stars
788
Illustration by a globe
789
Uses of the Celestial Globe
790
Apparent motion of the stars due to the Earths motion
791
The earths motion proved by Foucaults experiment Explanation of terms
792
Instruments of the Astronomical Observatory
793
Mechanical view of the Earths rotation
794
The Earths annual revolution about the Sun 79 Proofs that the Earth moves round the
796
The Laws of Kepler
798
Mechanical View of the Earths revolution ART 1019 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030
799
Inclination of the Earths Axis of rotation causing the Changes of the Seasons 1038
802
Eclipses of the Sun and Moon
806
The Moons revolution explained on mechanical principles
808
The Tides
810
Precession of the Equinoxes
812
illustration of distances 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047
813
1049
814
1050
816
The description of the
818
Explanation of the appearances 820 Forces at work
819
1053
820
Mercury
821
determination of its Form Size
822
Transit of Venus
824
Determination of the Suns Distance by Parallactic inequality 1058
825
Asteroids
826
Jupiterthe giant planet 1054 1055
827
Uranus Neptune
828
29 Comets
829
Constitution of Comets Meteors and Aerolites
830
Constellations
831
32 Distance of the Stars
832
1071
833
PART VI
835
The ribs and chest
841
Constituents of bone
849
Chemical and vital processes
855
The nature and cause of the pulse
861
Amount of air consumed
867

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