in every direction, betokening the alertness of the Southern man of business. Competition has reached the South, and the desire on the part of Montgomery, Ala., for example, to double its population, and have 100,000 inhabitants by 1910, is only one indication of the activity of all industrial and commercial organizations through the South.

From the intellectual side, the Lower South is exhibiting a remarkable tendency to examine herself publicly; to bring the force of frank criticism to bear upon her problems. There is a sudden recognition that literary isolation has heretofore deprived the South of mental independence and free thought which for a long time flourished around her, without reaching her people. In other words, the civilization of the South, politically, economically and socially, is undergoing a surprising transformation. As yet this has not been sufficiently great to stamp upon the observation any definite conclusions, nor yet has it been continuous enough to indicate how far it will modify Southern character. For the immigrant has only within recent years been turned in the Southern direction.

Yet it were indeed a misfortune to lose certain qualities of the Old Régime. A new statesmanship is in store for the Lower South as soon as political suspicion no longer rests upon a war time party; a new authorship awaits the Southerner with his face toward the future; but notwithstanding, his inheritance is something large and vital.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.- Brown, William Garrott: The Lower South in American History; Butler, Pierce: Judah P. Benjamin (1907); Cairnes, John E.: Slave Power (1862); Du Bose, Witherspoon: The Life and Times of William Lowndes Yancey (1892); Ingle, Edward: Southern Side Lights (1896); Martin, Thomas R.: The Great Parliamentary Battle (1905); Murphy, Edgar Gardner: The Present South (1904); Olmsted, Frederick Law: The Cotton Kingdom (London, 1856) [The same author wrote: Journeys in the Back

Country, Journey Through Texas and Our Slave States]; Page, Thomas Nelson: The Old South, Essays Social and Political (1903); Rhodes, James Ford: History of the United States (1900); Trent, William P.: Southern Statesmen of the Old Régime and Life of William Gilmore Simms; Historic Towns of the Southern States (ed. by Lyman P. Powell, 1904); The Advancing South in The World's Work (Southern number, June, 1907, World's Work). MONTROSE J. MOSES,

Author of The Literature of the South.

HE Appalachian Mountains south of Mason and Dixon's line extend from the southern border of Pennsylvania to the northern

counties of Georgia and Alabama. They include the mountain masses and the enclosed valleys and coves of nine states. The region they occupy is about six hundred miles long and two hundred miles wide. The natural resources of the Appalachians are almost limitless. A king's ransom is in every county, if it were only collected. The almost unbroken forests are rich with timber; and the earth is bursting with coal, iron, copper, zinc, salt, mica, lead, and other minerals. In the two hundred and twenty-six counties that may be said to make up the southern Appalachian region, the census enumerators found in 1900 about 4,000,000 people.

The Mountaineers.

Within this territory lies almost a world apart. For more than a century these mountaineers dwelt

practically aloof from the people in that big world lying just outside the pale of their own beloved mountains. They neither sought nor desired to have outsiders come into their lives. Naturally, this isolation from their kind, from the valleys and cities, as remote and vague to them as a foreign country, begot in them secretiveness and suspicion of the few who intruded into the mountain fastnesses.

So, for unnumbered years the mountain region and people remained unknown and unsought. Those grim, stern mountains made of them a stern and taciturn people to those alien to their own lives. As the onward march of civilization marked the rest of the country, bringing schools, colleges, churches and the things that uplift humanity, these lonely people of the mountain were left far behind.

The crudities of their lives, their lack of education or the facilities for gaining it, their primitive homes and methods of livelihood became more accentuated as the rest of the world moved on apace. In their rare excursions out into the world, they were made to feel this difference, and a vague longing began to stir within them.

This suspicion and aloofness frightened away, at first, those brave souls who sought to reach the mountaineer, and lift him out of the narrow channel of his life. So, for a long while this Southern mountain region was totally unknown to the American people. It was as if a grim and foreboding wall separated these stalwart people from all the rest of humanity. The section rested in utter seclusion from the nation's knowledge. Even in this day many counties are not entered by railroads. Oftentimes only bridle paths lead from settlement to settlement or from cabin to cabin. Thus the mountaineer's horizon was limited by the towering summits on

every side, shutting him in from the rest of the world.

Thus restricted, hundreds live out their lives without having gone fifty miles from the place of their birth. Their homes, in the main, are squalid logcabins, often consisting of only one room. Now and then more pretentious efforts are made, where there are several rooms, with rough boards to give it distinction from the others. The families are usually large, and the out-of-door life they lead gives them unusually strong and hardy physiques. Early in life hard and grinding toil begins with both boys and girls, for here, with crude methods and no knowledge to guide hand and brain to combine in the effort, it is a bitter fight for the barest necessities of life.

This fact, perhaps, accounts for the success attained by these mountain boys and girls when some hand reaches out to equip them for the struggle with the world. Frugality is ingrained, and when opportunity is given for them to widen their field of endeavor, that natural quality of saving soon moulds success where less sturdy spirits might fail. In this day you will find in cities and towns of the South many of these mountain people, successful and useful citizens.

Like the rest of Americans, the mountain people are of a composite race. There is probably no unmixed strain of blood in any community of the United States. While it is undeniable that the mountain people of the South are a composite race, the fact remains that they are probably of about as pure a stock as we can boast in America. The principal element is Scotch-Irish, as is indisputably proved by history, by tradition, and by the family names prevailing in the mountains. Mingled with the descendants of other races, they formed the nucleus of the distinctively and intensely American stock who were

the pioneers of our people in their march westward. A century and a half have passed away and the men of the mountains of today are the descendants of some of those sterling pioneers. Many of these people of the mountains do perhaps need much that can be given from without the Appalachians, but they have a reserve strength that, when aroused, will speedily prove them the peers of any people.

The ancestors of the mountaineers left Europe in search of a land where a man might be "a man for a' that," and the descendants of those ancestors are jealous of their American peerage. In most of the heights of the Appalachians a foreigner is almost unknown. The percentage of foreign-born population in the mountains is less than one per cent. There is at least one spot undisturbed by foreign immigration.

The mountaineer's bump of locality is fully developed. He has a strong attachment to his native heath, its bracing air, its refreshing waters, its unrestrained liberty. "'Pears like I cain't live nowhere else," he tells you.

The Work for the Children.

The great need of the Southern mountains is trained teachers, preachers, and home makers who have come in touch with the larger life through schools. Perhaps we could best illustrate what has been accomplished through these schools by giving a description of a school in the northwestern part of Georgia, which was founded to uplift the poor white boys of the Southern mountains and to make of them lifters and not leaners.

Beginnings are always interesting, and so the question invariably asked by those who are interested in mountain schools is: "How did you happen