any detailed discussion of the early history of any of these institutions, most of which still live and flourish.

General Character of Ante-Bellum Colleges.

Most of the institutions named had small financial resources. There was no essential difference between colleges and universities. The state institutions chose the latter title and this was imitated without regard to the character or work of institutions so designated. At first the oldest colleges were merely high schools. Teachers were few, sometimes only two or three, and tuition fees the only source of revenue. Endowments grew slowly. Some institutions perished, but most of them have been endowed with a marvelous vitality, surviving fire and sword, pestilence and famine. Money was raised by various devices. Lotteries were specially favored and seemed almost reserved for educational and philanthropic enterprises. Some of the early institutions of Louisiana received proceeds of licensed gambling houses. Davidson Academy operated for a while a ferry across the Cumberland at Nashville. Most of the church schools started on small subscriptions. The self-denial of their professors is one of the most significant facts in their history.

The attendance of students was fairly good, better in the South than in the North in proportion to free white population. The colleges of the North also had many Southern students, especially Princeton, Harvard and Yale. Students were prepared for college in private academies which existed in large numbers throughout the South. The standards of admission were neither high nor rigid, and concerned only some training in the classics and in arithmetic and algebra. The first half of the course was given to the continuation of these subjects.

English instruction was confined to heavy treatises in rhetoric and the elements of criticism. Much attention was paid to public speaking. Logic and philosophy claimed part of the last two years. Instruction in history was meagre and incidental. There was some slight attention paid to natural philosophy, transformed later into chemistry and other special branches. In church colleges Christian evidences occupied part of the last year. The following particulars are worthy of mention.

William and Mary College established a chair of modern languages and one of municipal law in 1779. This was no doubt through the influence of Jefferson, then one of the trustees of the college. William and Mary College established a chair of history in 1822, seventeen years before such a chair was established at Harvard. South Carolina College introduced the study of chemistry into its course in 1811.

Dr. Cooper, president of South Carolina College, brought out an edition of Say's Political Economy for college use in 1819 and taught this subject in his institution. The same subject was taught later by Dr. Francis Lieber, who also taught history in its political and philosophical aspects. Jefferson's ideas as to a course of study were far in advance of his day and many of them were from the beginning embodied in the work of the University of Virginia.

Renewal of Effort After the War of Secession.

The first effect of the war was to close the doors of the Southern universities and colleges. Professors and students enlisted in the army. Those unfitted for service remained and taught a few classes, without system or order. In course of time most college buildings were occupied by one or both armies. Movable property was destroyed and endow

ments in many cases lost. At the conclusion of the war few colleges were in proper condition to open up, but many made an effort. The first problem was that of existence. There were no questions of educational theory or of standard or of college and university administration. There was the one overwhelming problem of supporting a few professors, buying a few needed books, a small amount of apparatus and restoring halls damaged or destroyed. As the old private academies had largely disappeared, most colleges had to provide preparatory departments in which to accommodate the majority of their students. In 1877 East Tennessee University reported ninety college students and 195 preparatory. The University of Mississippi in the same year reported 174 college and 257 preparatory; South Carolina College, eighty-nine college and ninety-five preparatory. Added to this was the establishment as private or denominational ventures of many inferior institutions, chartered as colleges or universities, but designed to give only a meagre high school course. The presence of these institutions hinders even now the adoption of sound educational standards in the South.

But there have been a few new educational foundations in the South that deserve especial mention. In several states the appropriation for land grant colleges was used to build up or strengthen a general university. This was true of Arkansas, where the state university was opened in 1872, and of Louisiana, where the Agricultural and Mechanical College was established in 1873. In 1877 this was united with an old foundation, dating from 1855, known as the Louisiana State University and located at Baton Rouge. The state of Tennessee accepted the provisions of the Land Grant act in 1869 and

committed the fund thus derived to the East Tennessee University at Knoxville. This institution without assistance from the state met the requirements of the appropriation. In 1879, by act of the legislature, it received the name of The University of Tennessee, but it was not till 1905 that the state recognized its responsibility for the university and its obligation to provide by direct appropriation for its support and development. The Florida Agricultural College was established in accord with the act of Congress of 1862. This institution was opened in 1884 at Lake City. In 1905 the State University was established on this foundation, the location being changed to Gainesville. The University of Texas was provided for by act of the legislature in 1858, but nothing was done to bring the university into being at that time. In the constitution of 1876 the university was recognized and a million acres of land were set apart for its endowment. Another million acres were set apart by the legislature of 1883. The act for the organization of the university was passed in 1881 and the university was formally opened at Austin in 1883. The progress of the institution has been marked. It has grown rapidly in every respect and is destined to a great future.

Tulane University is the legal successor of the old University of Louisiana. This institution was recognized in the constitution of 1845 with a medical department established in 1834. The academic department was opened in 1846 and continued a feeble and fitful existence till 1860. The University was reopened in 1878 and was recognized in the constitution of 1879. Yearly appropriations of $10,000 were made till 1884. The donation of Paul Tulane was made in 1882 and aggregated more than

$1,000,000 The trustees of the Tulane fund took over the administration of the University of Louisiana, granting a scholarship to each senatorial and legislative district, and giving up the claim to the annual appropriation. In return the state exempted the university property from taxation. This contract, made in 1884, was ratified at a general election in 1888 and incorporated in the state constitution of 1898. Large additions to the university funds have been made for the Sophie Newcomb Memorial College for Young Women from the estate of Mrs. Newcomb. The medical department also has become the beneficiary of a legacy amounting to about $800,000 from the estate of Mr. A. C. Hutchinson.

The University of the South, at Sewanee, Tenn., was chartered in 1858 as the result of educational efforts in the Protestant Episcopal Church. Subscriptions amounting to nearly $500,000 were secured, but after the war nothing was left save a large tract of land, nearly ten thousand acres, on top of the Cumberland plateau. Through the efforts of Bishop Charles Todd Quintard money was secured for a small beginning shortly after the war. In 1871 there were 114 college students and 125 in the grammar school. Instruction in theology was begun in 1873, in medicine in 1892, and in law in 1893. Many handsome buildings have been erected in recent years and a high standard of work has been maintained.

Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn., is in some respects the most notable educational institution established in the South since the war. The movement began in the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, but its success was made possible only through donations of Cornelius Vanderbilt of New York. These gifts were made through Bishop