for a brief period in London. It would seem that they came at their own expense and paid for the allotments of land made to them. In 1733, the Jews constituted one-third of the entire population of Savannah.

As in South Carolina, they rendered good service to the colony. The culture of the grape was introduced by Abraham de Lyon, who had been a vineron in Portugal, and he would doubtless have succeeded in his enterprise but for the bad faith of Oglethorpe. Silk culture, too, was undertaken by the Jewish settlers, Joseph Ottolenghi, a Jew by birth, being sent over in 1751 to supervise the industry. The illiberal policy of the Trustees caused an exodus from Savannah in 1741, nearly all the Jews leaving the colony. Many of them, however, returned soon after 1750. They played their part in commerce, in spite of the fact that the Trustees did not always act fairly by them. It was, indeed, largely due to the industry of the Jews that the colony attained any success. Their social and charitable characteristics are referred to in the records of the Salzburgers, and the value of Dr. Nuñez as a physician is likewise mentioned. As in the neighboring colony, the Jews mingled freely with their neighbors.

Prior to 1800, few Jews were to be found outside of Charleston and Savannah. The desire to observe their religion after the manner of their fathers was largely the reason of this. So, in the early days, when their numbers were few, the Jews did not scatter far from organized communities. After 1800, the Jews in the South rapidly increased. Their long and uninterrupted felicitous career had borne goodly fruit, and nowhere else in ante-bellum days could be found so many Jews prominent in civil and political life. Already prior to 1800 they

were members of the state legislatures, and from that time till 1860 the civic offices held by them would make a formidable list. They are represented in the National Senate and House of Representatives, and frequently in the state legislatures, and one is in the consular service. Among them are statesmen, jurists, eminent lawyers, publicists, dramatists, educators, physicians, artists and inventors, many of whom attained recognition on both sides of the Atlantic.

In a word, the Jews of the ante-bellum South have made eminent contributions to art, to science and to literature. And they have not acted as a separate people in the great political movements that have agitated the South; they have taken opposing sides on every question. The institution of slavery, for instance, had no more vigorous defender than Judah P. Benjamin and no more vigorous opponent than Solomon Heydenfeldt, of Alabama. They identified themselves with the South, they were prominent in commerce, helped to develop railroads and waterways, and many of the South's public utilities were largely made possible by Jewish capital. They participated in the dangers of frontier life, blazing the path for civilization in the wilderness. The Indian trader, "Old Mordecai," founded the city of Montgomery and was the first to plant cotton in Alabama. Henry De Castro colonized more than 5,000 emigrants in Texas, and Jacob de Cordova rendered valuable service to that state by making its resources known to the outside world.

The Jew as a Patriot.

It has been said that equal laws and equal rights are the best guarantees of loyalty and love of country. The Jew in the South is an illustration of this

truth. In every war of this country he has furnished more than his share of men and given liberally of his substance. Two Virginia Jews accompanied Washington in his expedition across the Alleghany Mountains in 1754. A Jew of Charles Town held a commission in the Cherokee War of 1760-61. One of the most trusted leaders of the Revolution in South Carolina was Francis Salvador. Incomplete as the records are, the names of thirty-four Jews of South Carolina have come down as having served the cause of independence. Georgia, with its small Jewish population, furnished several patriots, and the names of Jews from other Southern states are on record. In the War of 1812, in the Texan War of 1836, in the Florida War of 1846 and in the Mexican War the Jews of the South furnished far more than their proportion in the field. The War between the States, however, furnished the best example of Jewish patriotism. The Jews of the South gave to the Confederacy a towering figure in Judah P. Benjamin, its attorney-general, secretary of war and secretary of state; its first surgeon-general and its first quartermaster-general. A Charleston Jew made the largest money contribution to the cause, and the first contribution in response to the appeal of the surgeon-general came from Jewish women of Charleston. The Hon. Simon Wolf in his notable book has collected the names of 1,999 Jewish soldiers who saw service in the field. Large as this number is, it falls far short of the actual count of those who fought for the right as they saw it. In the recent Spanish-American War, 454 Jews of the South volunteered their services.

So much, then, for the Jew of the South in peace and in war. When we consider that the entire Jewish population in the United States in 1818 was

only 3,000, and but 6,000 in 1826, we can but marvel at the influence which the Jews of the South have exercised. They have given the nation notable leaders, eminent lawyers, distinguished philanthropists, and a host of men who have added luster to every profession. In a word, the Jew has here reached the acme of his possibilities.

The Jew as a Citizen.

Since the War of Secession, communities have sprung up everywhere in the wake of the tides of immigration that have followed upon European persecutions. The South, for economic reasons, has not received as many of the newcomers as the North, but those who have gone there have everywhere rendered good account of themselves, the children of emigrants being often found among its most prominent citizens. The experiment of civil and religious equality has been amply justified, and the Jew has shown himself worthy of the liberty that has here been accorded him.

The Jew in the Old South was in all respects a genuine Southron. In his unrestricted social intercourse he has been often tempted to stray from his own people. Nowhere else has there been so much intermarriage. An enormous strain of Jewish blood is everywhere apparent, and were actual figures given they would be denied credence. The Jew in the New South is typical of the New South, characterized as it is by intense commercialism. In business he is so successful that, according to a recent estimate, from 70 to 80 per cent. of the capital invested in several important industries in the larger cities is Jewish money.

But the Jew is more than a mere trader. There are to-day scattered through the South about 127,000

Jews. They are to be found in every city, village and hamlet, striving for success and winning it, often under the most adverse conditions, by virtue of their industry, thrift and sobriety. They are foremost in all public movements, patriotic and law-abiding, cosmopolitan in their charities, and permitting none of their own people to become a burden upon the state. To the statistics of crime their contribution is so small as to be practically negligible. If a nation is made by its good citizens, then the Jews of the South are entitled to a foremost place in helping this great nation to its larger destiny.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.-Elzas, B. A.: The Jews of South Carolina from the Earliest Times to the Present Day (Philadelphia, 1905); Wolf, Simon: The American Jew as Patriot, Soldier and Citizen (Philadel phia, 1895); Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society (16 vols.); The Jewish Encyclopedia (New York, 1901-5).

BARNETT A. ELZAS,

Rabbi of K. K. Beth Elohim, Charleston, S. C.

CHAPTER VI.

THE INDIAN IN THE SOUTH.

O give an historical outline of the Southern Indians within the space allotted to me is necessarily to confine myself to the merest sketch, and I shall not undertake to include the Indians of the Southwest, whose characteristic culture, life and wars form an entirely distinct chapter in history.

At the earliest period of which we have any knowledge, the following tribes inhabited the Southern states from Virginia south and west to the Missis