northern part of Alabama. Mobile had at an early date quite a large number of Germans, who, as a rule, came via New Orleans. About 1870 a German named Cullmann founded the German colony Cullmann, which proved very successful and showed what German farmers can do on comparatively poor land and without negro labor, which is considered indispensable by so many Southern people. By a recent census Cullmann's colony has now 1,999 white inhabitants and but a single negro. John G. Cullmann, who was born in Bavaria in 1823, died in 1895. His colony has now two weekly papers, two banks, a public school and a high school, churches of several denominations, the St. Bernhard Catholic College of the Benedictine Fathers, a convent and school of the Sisters of Charity and a handsome Odd Fellows' Home, built of concrete which will be finished in a few months and will cost $50,000. About the year 1900 Germans from Chicago founded a German colony on Perdido Bay, in the southeast corner of the state, which has now about 300 German families. The development of the iron region around Birmingham brought many Germans as industrial workers to Alabama.

Tennessee.-Nashville and Memphis had already in the forties of the last century a large German population. In 1845 Germans founded the town of Wartburg, in East Tennessee, which, in 1848, had 800 German inhabitants. During the War of Secession this colony suffered to some extent, but since then German immigration has revived.

Arkansas.-In 1833 an emigration society was formed in the city of Worms, Germany, which sent a colony of sixty German families, altogether 160 persons, to Arkansas. Their leader was the Rev. Klingenhoefer, who had been persecuted in Germany on account of his liberal views. This colony soon

dissolved, some of the members going to Illinois, but Rev. Klingenhoefer remained and settled near Little Rock.

Mississippi.-Natchez and Vicksburg, the two commercial centres of the state, being situated on the Mississippi River, received large German colonies at the time when this river was the immigrant route to the interior. In Natchez a German literary and reading club was founded in 1839 by Gen. John Anton Quitmann, the son of Dr. Friedrich Quitmann, a German Protestant minister in Rhinebeck, N. Y. General Quitmann came to Natchez in 1823 and rose to the highest offices of the state. He was a member of the state legislature, president of the Senate, member of the United States Congress, justice of the Supreme Court of the state, and governor. He fought in the war for the liberation of Texas, was made major-general in the Mexican War, and was voted a sword of honor by Congress for bravery in the battle of Monterey. In Congress he was one of the most ardent supporters of the cause of Cuban liberty.

On the Gulf coast of the state of Mississippi numerous descendants are found of those Germans who came to Louisiana between 1720 and 1730. Among them are the descendants of Hugo Ernestus Krebs, of Neumagen, who died about 1776 and left fourteen grown children. The old Krebs homestead near Scranton is still occupied by one of the descendants of Hugo Ernestus Krebs.

J. HANNO DEILER,

Professor Emeritus of German in the Tulane University of

Louisiana.

CHAPTER V.

THE JEWS IN THE SOUTH.

'N writing of the Jew in "The South in the Building of the Nation," one is confronted at the outset with a serious difficulty. Not that the Jew has not made a significant addition to national progress and achievement, for his material contribution is everywhere self-evident. Nor, furthermore, that he has not likewise aided in the development of those ideals which we term "American," for on that side, too, the Jew must be recognized as a prominent factor by all familiar with his history. But the Jew no sooner settled in this country than he at once identified himself with its general interests, so that what he has done can no longer be distinguished as specifically Jewish. The American Jew, in giving his support to every uplifting movement, has given it, not as a Jew, but as an American. The thesis, therefore, resolves itself into an enumeration of some of the things accomplished by men of Jewish birth or descent, and the limits of this article will permit of only the briefest indication of the activities of the Jew in the South.

Jewish Record in Southern History.

Reviewing the question historically then, it is on record that Jews first settled in America in 1654. It was not long before they were to be found in all of the original colonies, and before the end of the Seventeenth century individual Jews were scattered throughout the South.

The Northern colonies were not liberal, and when

South Carolina was settled, in 1670, with Locke's tolerant constitution as the rule of governmentthe Jews being specifically mentioned therein-it is not surprising that the Jew, in common with the persecuted of other peoples, should have gone there to seek a home where he might worship God as his conscience dictated. The Jews who settled in South Carolina came principally from London, some from New Amsterdam and some from the West Indies. The toleration of South Carolina attracted them. So did its commercial opportunities. It was the only colony where the Jew practically never suffered any civil or religious disabilities. A Jew acted as interpreter to Governor Archdale in 1695, and several Jews were naturalized under the Act of 1696-97. Jews are mentioned as taking part in politics as early as 1703, and by the year 1750 they formed in the population a significant element, including several merchants of large means, with a regular communal organization. In 1800, or soon thereafter, the Charleston community was the largest, the wealthiest and the most cultured community of Jews in America.

It has already been said that most of the Jews who settled in South Carolina came from England. England was not a congenial soil for the Jews in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth centuries. In the middle of the Eighteenth century, Picciotto tells us, there were in England from a hundred and fifty to two hundred rich Jewish families, two-thirds of whom were Spanish and Portuguese. In addition were about five times as many families who verged on pauperism. And, while the leading financiers were Jews and while prominent merchants among the Jews rivalled the foremost English houses in the city of London, socially Jews were barely tolerated,

and politically they labored under disabilities until the year 1853. Little wonder that South Carolina attracted them!

These early immigrants to South Carolina were for the most part, though not entirely, originally Spanish and Portuguese Jews, descendants of victims of the Inquisition. They were a people of splendid traditions, "whose ancestors had banqueted with sovereigns and held the purse-strings of kings." They had come from a land where learning flourished, where culture was of the highest, and where their forefathers had experienced the golden age of their history. They were a people of fine bearing, and from the beginning won recognition for their integrity and business ability. Commercially, they were important, their knowledge of foreign languages, as well as their connections with England, Holland, Jamaica, Barbadoes and the Spanish South American colonies making them valuable intermediaries of trade. Charleston possessed numerous Jewish ship-owners whose vessels traded with England and the West Indies. The indigo industry, after rice the largest source of revenue to the province, received its greatest impetus through Moses Lindo, an English Jew who settled in Charles Town in 1757, and who worked indefatigably to promote the welfare of the province till his death in 1774. Socially, the Jews mingled on equal terms with the best people in the province.

Georgia was colonized in 1733, and the arrival of forty Jews in the second vessel, which reached Savannah in July, 1733, was almost contemporaneous with that of the settlers first to land. Savannah was the only place in the South to which the Jews. came as a colony. They were, nearly all of them, Jews who were natives of Portugal, but had stayed